Surface gravitational field and topography changes induced by the Earth’s fluid core motions

Using a Love number formalism, the elastic deformations of the mantle and the mass redistribution gravitational potential within the Earth induced by the fluid pressure acting at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) are computed. This pressure field changes at a decadal time scale and may be estimated from observations of the surface magnetic field and its secular variation. First, using a spherical harmonic expansion, the poloidal and toroidal part of the fluid velocity field at the CMB for the last 40 years is computed, under the hypothesis of tangential geostrophy. Then the associated geostrophic pressure, whose order of magnitude is about 1000 Pa, is computed. The surface topography induced by this pressure field is computed using Love numbers, and is a few millimetres. The mass redistribution gravitational potential induced by these deformations and, in particular, the zonal components of the related surface gravitational potential perturbation (J₂, J₃ and J₄ coefficients), are calculated. Overall perturbations for the J₂ coefficient of about 10^–10, for J₃ of about 10^–11 and for J₄ are found of about 0.3×10^–11. Finally, these theoretical results are compared with recent observations of the decadal variation of J₂ from satellite laser ranging. Results concerning J₂ can be described as follows: first, they are one order of magnitude too small to explain the observed decadal variation of J₂ and, second, they show a significant linear trend over the last 40 years, whose rate of decrease amounts to 7% of the observed value.     

A study on the effects of soil moisture,air humidity,and air temperature on wind speed threshold for dust emissions in the Taklimakan Desert

Natural Hazards - Soil and the atmospheric conditions are important factors that affect wind speed threshold of surface dust emissions. Based on the observed data of surface dust emissions in the...     

基于尖点突变理论的软岩弃渣路堤局部稳定性分析

为充分利用现场材料资源,达到节约成本的目的,文章基于筛分试验、击实试验、承载比试验（CBR试验）,分析了软岩弃渣的工程特性;其次,以路基沉降监测为基础,采用尖点突变理论分析路基填筑后的稳定性;再利用粒子群优化极限学习机模型（PSO-ELM）对路基变形进行预测,以评价路基稳定性的发展趋势。研究结果表明:成武高速的软岩弃渣具有较好的级配,且最优含水率条件下的CBR值符合路堤设计要求,说明软岩弃渣作为路基填料的可行性;在现场监测结果中,Ⅰ号监测断面的最大沉降量为71.3 mm,Ⅱ号监测断面的最大沉降量为61.4 mm;在尖点突变理论的整体稳定性分析中,两监测点的突变特征值均大于零,路基处于稳定状态;同时,在分阶段的稳定性分析中,不同阶段的突变特征值也大于零,并随沉降时间的增加,突变特征值具减小趋势,得出路基在不同沉降阶段也处于稳定状态;通过变形预测,得出两监测点均具有较高的预测精度,验证了PSO-ELM模型在路基变形预测中的适用性,并得出路基稳定性的发展趋势趋于稳定,验证了软岩弃渣在路基填筑中具有适用性。     

基于地震波速度预测岩体物性参数模型与应用

以地震属性和钻孔测井参数为基础,依据试验数据构建数学模型,实现对煤层顶底板岩石物性参数的定量预测。通过试验拟合出纵横波波速之间关系、波速与密度的关系、动静杨氏模量、动静泊松比之间的关系,且相关程度较高。依据试验模拟结果对淮南刘庄区煤层顶底板岩石物性参数及孔隙度进行了预测。结果表明该地区的物性参数分布规律明显,且与实测结果吻合较好。模型计算与实例应用证实地震信息用于预测岩石力学参数具有可行性。     

Fully coupled hydraulic fracture simulation using the improved element partition method

The improved element partition method (IEPM) is a newly developed fracture simulation approach. IEPM allows a fracture to run across an element without introducing extra degrees of freedom. It can also simulate any number of fractures in a prescribed mesh without remeshing. In this study, the IEPM is extended to hydraulic fracture simulation. First, the seepage and volumetric storage matrix of a cracked element are derived using virtual nodes (the intersection points of a crack with element edges). Subsequently, the fully coupled hydromechanical equation is derived for this cracked element. To eliminate the extra degrees of freedom (virtual nodal quantities), the water pressure and displacement of the virtual nodes are associated with their adjacent nodes through least squares interpolation. Finally, the fully coupled equation in terms of nodal quantities is obtained. The verification cases validate the method. By using this method, the field-scale hydraulic fracturing process is well simulated. The proposed approach is simple and efficient for field-scale hydraulic fracture simulation.     

Observed particle sizes and fluxes of Aeolian sediment in the near surface layer during sand-dust storms in the Taklamakan Desert

Monitoring, modeling and predicting the formation and movement of dust storms across the global deserts has drawn great attention in recent decades. Nevertheless, the scarcity of real-time observations of the wind-driven emission, transport and deposition of dusts has severely impeded progress in this area. In this study, we report an observational analysis of sand-dust storm samples collected at seven vertical levels from an 80-m-high flux tower located in the hinterland of the great Taklamakan Desert for ten sand-dust storm events that occurred during 2008–2010. We analyzed the vertical distribution of sandstorm particle grain sizes and horizontal sand-dust sediment fluxes from the near surface up to 80 m high in this extremely harsh but highly representative environment. The results showed that the average sandstorm grain size was in the range of 70 to 85 μm. With the natural presence of sand dunes and valleys, the horizontal dust flux appeared to increase with height within the lower surface layer, but was almost invariant above 32 m. The average flux values varied within the range of 8 to 14 kg m^?2 and the vertical distribution was dominated by the wind speed in the boundary layer. The dominant dust particle size was PM₁₀₀ and below, which on average accounted for 60–80 % of the samples collected, with 0.9–2.5 % for PM_0–2.5, 3.5–7.0 % for PM_0–10, 5.0–14.0 % for PM_0–20 and 20.0–40.0 % for PM_0–50. The observations suggested that on average the sand-dust vertical flux potential is about 0.29 kg m^?2 from the top of the 80 m tower to the upper planetary boundary layer and free atmosphere through the transport of particles smaller than PM₂₀. Some of our results differed from previous measurements from other desert surfaces and laboratory wind-dust experiments, and therefore provide valuable observations to support further improvement of modeling of sandstorms across different natural environmental conditions.     

赣南山地丘陵区城市人口增长与建成区扩张耦合关系

随着中国经济发展逐步进入转型期,新型城镇化的深入推进成为区域经济持续发展的强大引擎,但在城镇化进程中产生的耕地安全、空间冲突等问题日益突出。分析山地丘陵城市人地关系,有利于把握城市发展质量、为山地丘陵区深入推进新型城镇化战略提供认识基础。研究以赣南原中央苏区为例,在2001年、2012年城市人口与建成区面积数据基础上,通过修正集中度构建了基于山地丘陵地区人口增长-建成区扩张耦合指数模型,利用数理统计及空间分析方法对其进行深入分析。结果表明:2001—2012年,城市人口及建成区集中度呈现出典型的幂分布特征,空间分布上则形成核心-边缘结构。城市人口与建成区集中度间的关联性显著增强,空间布局均以东北-西南方向为主,但二者由不均衡逐步趋于拟合,城市人口增长-建成区扩张的空间格局、规模差异均较大;趋势线在东西方向上变化十分显著,南北方向上起伏度变化则进一步增大。2001—2012年,赣南苏区主导城市类型由人口增长型转变为人地协调型;而人口增长-建成区扩张耦合格局则以建成区扩张型城市为主,城市蔓延式扩张现象明显。研究立足各级城市人地发展现状,提出促进赣南苏区城市人地协调发展差别化建议及措施。     

用定量遥感方法监测UNDP试区小流域水土流失研究

简要介绍了水土流失定量遥感方法的组成和基本原理,重点叙述了它在小流域治理试区的应用作业和应用结果,并讨论了它的适应性、准确性、实用性和应用前景等。该法的监测模型可与美国近年刊出的RUSLE相媲美,且其因子算式算法系由我国实测资料所建,故更适合我国水土流失实际的应用效果,尤其适用于遥感和GIS数据的微机处理。其应用结果,不仅有比常规调查法和定性遥感法更准确实用的流失总量、各级面积的统计数据和流失现状图,而且还有流失治理规划的防治强度预报图。在UNDP试区应用表明,该法所建立的系统,也可对小流域(大于7km2)每年实施监测,以获水土流失变化动态的准确信息。     

洪水风险预测业务系统

介绍了在地图信息可化工具Ｍａｐｉｎｆｏ数据库和超文本库的支持下,通过Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ的ＯＬＥ自动化技术建成的洪水风险预测业务系统。它以直以形象的电子地图针气象、洪水、水文以及投保户保险信息,包括历史洪以淹实况机地结合起来;并通过与历史洪水受淹数据库、气象－洪水数据库等关联作出洪水风险预测,为有关部门业务 指导决策提供依据。     

牙鲆幼鱼越冬饲养期环境因子研究

本文重点研究牙鲆鱼越冬饲养期间所需的适宜温度和盐度条件,以及牙鲆对酸碱度的耐受力。研究结果表明温度是影响牙鲆在越冬期标准代谢的主要环境因子。７～１４．５℃是越冬期牙鲆能量代谢变动最低的温度区间,也是最适宜的温度范围。盐度也是影响牙鲆越冬期的环境因子,在７～１４．５℃的温度条件下,其盐度阈值下限为２０;４０仍属适宜盐度。牙鲆的耐酸力比耐碱性强,９６ｈ和４８ｈ致死的ｐＨ值分别为４．４５和４．２０,当ｐＨ值为９．３０时,牙鲆１６ｈ死亡。