基于Sentinel-1A数据的多种机器学习算法识别冰山的比较

冰山识别对于海洋环境监测和船只安全运行等具有重要的意义,是北极航道开通和北极开发过程中的重要内容。采用合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像进行冰山识别具有独特的优势,多种机器学习算法均可用于SAR影像的冰山识别中。为了最大限度地发挥机器学习算法的性能,有必要对不同机器学习算法及其搭配使用的特征与特征标准化方法进行评估,从而进行最优冰山识别方法的选择。因此,本文基于Sentinel-1A SAR影像,采用多种机器学习方法、多种特征组合及多种特征标准化方法进行冰山识别,并比较各流程方法的识别性能差异。采用的机器学习算法包括贝叶斯分类器(Bayes)、反向神经网络(BPNN)、线性判别分析(LDA)、随机森林(RF)以及支持向量机(SVM);特征标准化方法包括Min-max标准化、Z-score标准化及log函数标准化;数据集是含有12个SAR影像特征的969个冰山与非冰山样本,样本主要位于格陵兰岛东海岸。分类效果采用接收者操作特性(ROC)曲线下的面积(AUC)进行衡量。结果显示,最佳搭配下的RF的AUC值最高,达到了0.945,比最差的Bayes高出0.09。从识别率上来看,RF在冰山查全率为80%的情况下非冰山查全率达到92.6%,效果最好,比第2位的BPNN高出1.4%,比最差的Bayes高出2.6%;BPNN在冰山查全率为90%的情况下非冰山查全率达到87.4%,比第2位的RF高出0.8%,比最差的Bayes高出2.7%。上述结果表明,对冰山识别而言,选择最优的机器学习算法和最佳的特征与特征标准化方法都是十分重要的。     

网解和PPP解的等价性

证明了PPP解与网解的等价性,比较了网解和PPP解模式下的位置和对流层延迟参数的解算结果,实验验证了这两种GPS解算模式下参数解的等价性。     

环江油田巴19区块长7段钙夹层评价与大斜度井分段压裂优化

为实现最大化油藏接触,提高油藏产出水平,长庆环江油田巴19区块长7油藏采用大斜度井开发方式。在初期压裂改造中,由于忽视了层内钙质夹层对压裂缝高的影响,导致实际裂缝的几何形态与设计产生巨大偏差,出现了邻井裂缝串通及生产高含水等问题。本文通过研究油藏剖面测井特征,在细分层位基础上分析纵向应力分布,研究“复合层效应”影响裂缝缝高延伸的关键因素,优化了分段压裂方案,获得了更好的水力裂缝几何形态和尺寸。技术调整后现场压裂工艺质量获得提高,长7段油藏压裂改造质量优良率100%,大大提高了该区块的开发水平。     

Geochemistry of Sandstones from the Silurian Hanxia Formation,North Qilian Belt,China: Implication for Provenance,Weathering and Tectonic Setting

The North Qilian orogenic belt is the key to figure out the evolution and assembly of Asia. The Upper Silurian Hanxia Formation which is deposited in the north area of North Qilian Orogenic Belt is of utmost important to reveal the architecture and orogenic process of the North Qilian belt. So provenance analysis of the Hanxia Formation is of significance to reveal not only that the tectonic evolution of the central orogenic belt China, but also that Paleozoic Asia plate reconstruction. The ratios of elements and some discrimination diagrams based on geochemistry indicate that felsic rocks constitute their main source rocks. The chemical index of alteration is less than 80, indicating that the source rocks are relatively fresh and of low maturity. On the Th/Sc versus Zr/Sc scatter plot, samples from Hanxia Formation occur along the magmatic compositional variation trend of rocks, indicating that the rocks did not undergo obvious sedimentary sorting and recycling. The major and trace elements discrimination diagrams imply that Hanxia Formation rocks were derived from continental island arc. Recent studies show that the North China plate subducted southwards and produced subduction-related arc magmatism along the southern margin of the North Qilian Terrane during the Silurian. Therefore, we infer that in the late Silurian period the subduction-related arc became accreted to the Central Qilian terrane to the south, forming a composite continental arc, and the North Qilian belt accumulated in a fore-arc basin.     

重金属污染物侵入对岩石力学性能影响的研究

通过抗剪强度试验、风化耐久性强度试验、耐崩解试验、点荷载试验,对受重金属污染的泥岩、页岩、砂岩的力学强度变化特性进行了研究,并根据试验结果绘制了3种岩石抗压强度与重金属含量的关系曲线,采用线性回归法分析了岩石抗压强度与重金属质量比的相关关系。研究结果表明:在岩性、含水量、试验条件等相同的条件下, 3种重金属污染岩石的力学强度都随着重金属污染物含量的增加而减小; 重金属污染的泥岩、砂岩和页岩的单轴抗压强度与重金属质量比关系分别呈幂函数(泥岩、砂岩)、对数函数(页岩)关系,关系分化度为较显著-显著负相关。根据Weibull分布定律与对流-扩散特性建立了重金属污染物侵入与延伸性能方程,并对泥岩试验结果进行了计算,绘制了侵入性能、延伸性能与时间的关系曲线。结果表明: 4种金属元素在泥岩中平均侵入性能与延伸性能的大小顺序为Cd2+ Pb2+ Cu2+ Zn2+,且元素活性越大,侵入能力与延伸能力越强,侵入性能随着时间变化而逐渐减小,延伸性能随时间变化而逐渐增加。     

赣南于都金银多金属矿整装勘查区1:50 000银坑幅矿产地质图数据集

本数据集综合应用岩性-构造-矿化蚀变专项填图、遥感、物探、化探、钻探等多种方法进行数据采集,完成路线调查长度520.65 km,采集水系沉积物样品2 047件,遥感数据解译面积461 km²,化学分析样167件。重点对燕山早期成矿岩浆岩、含矿建造、控岩控矿构造,以及矿化蚀变标志等进行了调查划分,明确区内银金多金属矿主要成矿地质体为燕山早期花岗闪长岩,控岩控矿构造为北东向逆冲断裂及其次级裂隙。在此基础上,编制了1：50 000银坑幅建造构造图,利用数字化填图系统（DGSS）创建了区内矿产地质图数据库,全面汇编了重要建造构造、地质界线、断裂、岩浆岩等图层属性库;完善了银坑式中低温岩浆期后热液矿床找矿预测模型,突出了区内矿产与建造构造之间的成因联系。     

扬子地块北缘晚二叠世长兴期岩相古地理

扬子地块北缘与秦岭接壤,晚二叠世长兴期岩石地层单元为长兴组和大隆组。长兴组为一套碳酸盐岩沉积,沉积单元包括台地相、台地边缘礁滩相以及台地边缘斜坡相等;而大隆组则主要为一套灰黑至黑色薄层硅质岩、炭质页岩夹薄层泥晶灰岩,为一套较深水盆地沉积的产物。研究结果表明,这一深水盆地环境大致从西边的广元开始,向东经旺苍、南江与鄂西地区相连成为一广阔海域,扬子地块与华北地块隔海相望。这一沉积格局不仅为油气勘探工作的部署奠定了坚实的基础,而且可能反映出扬子地块与华北地块在此之前已经成为统一陆块。     

沙嘴海岸地形对黄河三角洲沿岸余流场的影响

以钓口流路时期1967年前后的海岸地形为例,研究了沙嘴海岸地形对黄河三角洲沿岸余流场的影响。数值对比试验表明,沙嘴附近的余流流向受地形扰动而不断偏转,使得沙嘴地形特征可能引起局部余环流结构的改变,甚至在沙嘴附近呈现出小的涡环结构,沙嘴对流向的影响随离沙嘴地形距离的增加而渐弱。沙嘴海岸地形还将引起局部流速的增加,并在其附近海域形成高流速区,在忽略沙嘴地形的条件下,一些随沙嘴而生的高流速区范围缩小、流速降低,并向西南移动,甚至消失,原沙嘴前沿余流流速明显减小,随离沙嘴距离的增加,流速差异逐渐微弱。     

带外扩地下室结构的基础优化

在沿海高地下水位地区,地下水浮力对建筑物作用往往比较强,因而这类地区建筑基础抗浮设计成为工程建设中的关键问题。在地下工程中通常采用设置抗拔桩来抵消地下水浮力对建筑物的不利影响。然而,实践证明并非一定要采用抗拔桩才能抵消地下水浮力的作用,应针对具体建设条件,采用更加经济合理的基础形式。结合上海地区某工程实例,对基础设计安全性和经济合理性进行探讨分析,并提出优化基础方案,以期对同类其他工程的基础设计有一定的借鉴作用。     

A Field Experiment on Dust Emission by Wind Erosion in the Taklimakan Desert

Dust emission by wind erosion in surface is a serious problem in many arid regions around the world,and it is harmful to the ecological environment,human health,and social economy.To monitor the characteristics of saltation activity and to calculate the threshold wind velocity and sediment discharge under field conditions have significance on the research of dust emission by wind erosion.Therefore,a field experiment was conducted over the flat sand in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.One sampling system was installed on the flat sand surface at Tazhong,consisting of a meteorological tower with a height of 2 m,a piezoelectric saltation sensor(Sensit),and a Big Spring Number Eight(BSNE) sampler station.Occurrence of saltation activity was recorded every second using the Sensit.Each BSNE station consisted of five BSNE samplers with the lowest sampler at 0.05 m and the highest sampler at 1.0 m above the soil surface.Sediment was collected from the samplers every 24 h.It is found that saltation activity was detected for only 21.5% of the hours measured,and the longest period of saltation activity occurring continuously was not longer than 5 min under the field conditions.The threshold wind velocity was variable,its minimum value was 4.9 m s 1,the maximum value was 9.2 m s 1,and the average value was 7.0 m s 1.The threshold wind velocity presented a positive linear increase during the measurement period.The observation site had a sediment discharge of 82.1 kg m 1 over a period of 24 h.Based on hourly saltation counts,hourly sediment discharge was estimated.Overall,there was no obvious linear or other functional relationship between the hourly sediment discharge and wind velocity.The results show that the changes of sediment discharge do not quite depend on wind velocity.