某工程大型地下厂房围岩损伤特征分析

依据现场工程岩体节理的统计分析，应用损伤力学的研究方法，计算地下厂房各个岩体结构分区的损伤张量，建立应用最大主损伤值评价工程岩体质量的分析模型并应用于实践。     

某水电站右坝肩边坡的网状张裂变形

勘探发现，某水电站右坝肩边坡，除正常卸荷裂隙外，发育有大量的夹泥型破裂带。为了揭示其成因、发展趋势及对工程建设的影响，作者进行了大量的调查和分析，本文拟对所获研究成果进行介绍。     

南京市区降水酸度及若干离子的测定

本文介绍南京市区降水的酸度及若干离子的测定结果.结果表明:降水酸度是随时间变化的,1982年降水的酸度比前两年有增加;降水过程中降水初期的pH值一般比较大,然后变小,后期又有所回升;降水中硫酸根[SO_4~=]与硝酸根[NO_3~-]之比一般约为5:1,而雷阵雨降水中它们之比约为3:1.这可能是由于南京市区降水中以硫污染物为主.     

我国首次发现的银镍黄铁矿

我国的银镍黄铁矿产于广西融水县九毛锡矿区,粒度极细,反射率为25.9(470nm),34.8(546nm),35.8(589nm),39.7(650nm)。成分中含Ag 11.12—13.26％,Ni 19.06—23.07％,Fe 31.27—35.13％,Co 0.02—0.34％,Cu 微—4.70％,S 30.87—32.99％。     

Wittite with Se-rich Cosalite and Bismuthinite from Nevskoe Tin Deposit (Magadan District,Russia)

Summary A second confirmed occurrence of wittite, one of the four known Pb-Bi-Se-sulfosalts, has been found in the Nevskoe tin deposit (Eastern Siberia). Microprobe analyses of wittite show pronounced variation of Se content (from 9.5 to 16.5 wt. %), due to S --> Se substitution; Pb and Bi contents vary from 29 and 43%, up to 34 and 46%, respectively. Minor elements are also present: Sb up to 1.5%, Ag up to 1.3 %, and Cu (0 to 0.2%). Comparison of microprobe data of wittite from Nevskoe and Falun, on the one hand, and cannizzarite from different deposits on the other hand, indicate that Ag is incorporated in the wittite/cannizzarite structure through the substitution 2 Pb -> Bi + Ag. Conversely, Ag substraction gives a constant Bi/(Bi + Pb) atomic ratio, independent of the Se/(Se+"S) ratio, and close to 55.1%. Se-rich wittite is compositionally very close to proudite and weibullite. X-ray powder and electron microdiffraction patterns are given; the incommensurate structure agrees with the 7H/12Q match along , like in wittite from Falun. Nevskoe wittite is close to Pb₈Bi₁₀(S, Se)₂₃, but the 7H/12Q match requires the formula Pb_11.61Bi_14.26S₃₃, with about 3% of the Pb atoms in the Q layer replaced by Bi atoms and vacancies (p). Taking into account all microprobe data, the general formula developed is: Pb_{11.61–2x0.13}Ag_x(Bi_14.26+x-ySb_y)(S_1–zSe_z)₃₃ with x and y 0.86 at., and z 0.45. At Nevskoe, associated bismuthinite contains from 5 to 12% Se, with minor Sb, Pb and Cu. Se-rich cosalite contains from 4 to 8% Se, with Sb from 2.7 to 5.3%, and minor Ag and Cu. Wittite in contact with cosalite clearly shows a relative Se-enrichment, that could be due to the pseudo-hexagonal sub-lattice of this incommensurate structure, very similar to the Bi₂(Se, Te, S)3 sheet in the tetradymite series. According to microprobe data, there is a continuous change from Se-free cannizzarite to Se-rich wittite. Therefore, the validity of wittite as a specific mineral species appears questionable, and more accurate crystallographic studies on this incommensurate series are necessary.

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Wittite avec Cosalite et Bismuthinite Séléniferes du Gisement d'Etain de Hevskoe (District de Magadan, Russie)

Resume Une seconde occurrence de wittite, l'un des quatre sulfosels de Pb-Bi-Se cormus, a été trouvée daps le gisement d'étain de Nevskoe (Sibérie Orientale). Son analyse á la microsonde électronique montre une forte variation de la teneur en sélénium (de 9,5 á 16,5%), qui se substitue au soufre; les teneurs en Pb et Bi varient de 29 à 43 et 34 á 46%, respectivement. On note la présence de Sb (, 1,5%), Ag ( 1,3%) et Cu (< 0,2%). La comparaison des analyses de wittite de Nevskoe et Falun, et de cannizzarite de différents gisements, montre que Bans cette série l'argent est incorporé suivant la substitution 2 Pb Bi + Ag. Après soustraction de Ag, le rapport atornique Bi/(Bi + Pb) corrigé apparaït constant, proche de 55,1%, et indépendant du rapport Se/(S + Se). La wittite la plus riche en Se est chimiquement très proche de la proudite et de la weibullite. Son diagramme de poudre aux rayons X ainsi que son étude en microdiffraction électronique sont présentés; la structure, de type incommensurable, s'accorde aver un ajustement selon le rapport 7H/12Q suivant , comme dans la wittite de Falun. La formule de la wittite de Nevskoe est proche de Pb₈Bi₁₀(S, Se)₂₃, mais l'ajustement 7H/12Q demande la formule Pb_11.61Bi_14.26S₃₃, avec environ 3% des sites à Pb du feuillet Q remplacés par des atomes de Bi et des sites vacants (). La prise en compte de l'ensemble des analyses conduit á la formule développée générale: Pb_11.61-2x0.13Ag_x(Bi_14,26+x–ySb_y)-(S_{1 –z}Se_z)₃₃ avec x et y 0,86 at., et z 0,45. A Nevskoe, la bismuthinite associée contient de 5 à 12% Se, avec Sb, Pb et Cu mineurs. La cosalite contient de 4 a 8% Se, 2,7 á 5,3% Sb, avec Ag et Cu mineurs. Lá où wittite et cosalite sont en contact étroit, la wittite montre clairement un enrichissement relatif en Se, qui pourrait etre du au sousréseau pseudo-hexagonal de cette structure incommensurable, très proche du feuillet Bi₂(Se, Te, S)3 présent dans la série de la tétradymite. Les analyses à la microsonde indiquant une continuité chimique de la cannizzarite sans Se à la wittite 1a plus riche en Se, la validité de la wittite en tant qu'espéce spécifique apparaït discutable. Mais le caractère incommensurable de cette série demande une etude cristallographique plus détaillée.

     

Magnetic properties and neutron diffraction study of two manganese sulfosalts: monoclinic MnSb<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>4</Subscript> and benavidesite (MnPb<Subscript>4</Subscript>Sb<Subscript>6</Subscript>S<Subscript>14</Subscript>)

Mn²⁺Sb₂S₄, a monoclinic dimorph of clerite, and benavidesite (Mn²⁺Pb₄Sb₆S₁₄) show well-individualized single chains of manganese atoms in octahedral coordination. Their magnetic structures are presented and compared with those of iron derivatives, berthierite (Fe²⁺Sb₂S₄) and jamesonite (Fe²⁺Pb₄Sb₆S₁₄). Within chains, interactions are antiferromagnetic. Like berthierite, MnSb₂S₄ shows a spiral magnetic structure with an incommensurate 1D propagation vector [0, 0.369, 0], unchanged with temperature. In berthierite, the interactions between identical chains are antiferromagnetic, whereas in MnSb₂S₄ interactions between chains are ferromagnetic along c-axis. Below 6 K, jamesonite and benavidesite have commensurate magnetic structures with the same propagation vector [0.5, 0, 0]: jamesonite is a canted ferromagnet and iron magnetic moments are mainly oriented along the a-axis, whereas for benavidesite, no angle of canting is detected, and manganese magnetic moments are oriented along b-axis. Below 30 K, for both compounds, one-dimensional magnetic ordering or correlations are visible in the neutron diagrams and persist down to 1.4 K.     

Underestimation of roughness in rough rock joints

Numerous studies have been made to improve Barton's shear strength model for the quantification of rock joints. However, in these previous studies, the roughness and shear strength of the rock joint have been underestimated especially for relatively high undulated profiles (joint roughness coefficient (JRC) >14). The main factors of roughness underestimation in rough rock joints are investigated for the proper quantification of rock joint roughness. The aliasing effect and the roughness characteristics are analyzed by using artificial joint profiles and natural rock joint profiles. A 3D camera scanner is adopted to verify the main source of underestimation when using conventional measurement methods. Shear strength tests are carried out by using two types of shear apparatus to study the roughness mobilization characteristics, which may also affect the roughness underestimation. The results of joint roughness assessment, such as aliasing and undulation of waviness, show that the roughness can be underestimated in relatively rough joint profiles (JRC>14). At least two components of roughness parameters are needed to properly represent the joint roughness, for example, the amplitude and the inclination angle of joint asperity. Roughness mobilization is affected by both the normal stress and the asperity scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Petrogenesis of the earliest Early Cretaceous mafic rocks from the Cona area of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya in south Tibet: Interaction between the incubating Kerguelen plume and the eastern Greater India lithosphere?

The relationship between the breakup of eastern Gondwanaland and the Kerguelen plume activity is a subject of debate. The Cona mafic rocks are widely exposed in the Cona area of the eastern Himalaya of south Tibet, and are studied in order to evaluate this relationship. Cona mafic rocks consist predominantly of massive basaltic flows and diabase sills or dikes, and are divided into three groups. Group 1 is composed of basaltic flows and diabase sills or dikes and is characterized by higher TiO₂ and P₂O₅ content and OIB-like trace element patterns with a relatively large range of Nd(T) values (+ 1.84 to + 4.67). A Group 1 diabase sill has been dated at 144.7 ± 2.4 Ma. Group 2 consists of gabbroic sills or crosscutting gabbroic intrusions characterized by lower TiO₂ and P₂O₅ content and “depleted” N-MORB-like trace element patterns with relatively higher, homogeneous Nd(T) values (+ 5.68 to + 6.37). A Group 2 gabbroic diabase dike has been dated at 131.1 ± 6.1 Ma. Group 3 basaltic lavas are interbedded with the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous pelitic sediments; they have compositions transitional between Groups 1 and 2 and flat to slightly enriched trace element patterns. Sr–Nd isotopic data and REE modeling indicate that variable degrees of partial melting of distinct mantle source compositions (enriched garnet–clinopyroxene peridotite for Group 1 and spinel-lherzolite for Group 2, respectively) could account for the chemical diversity of the Cona mafic rocks. Geochemical similarities between the Cona mafic rocks and the basalts probably created by the Kerguelen plume based on spatial–temporal constraints seem to indicate that an incubating Kerguelen plume model is more plausible than a model of normal rifting (nonplume) for the generation of the Cona mafic rocks. Group 1 is interpreted as being related to the incubating Kerguelen plume–lithosphere interaction; Group 2 is likely related to an interaction between anhydrous lithosphere and rising depleted asthenosphere enriched by a “droplet” originating from the Kerguelen plume, while Group 3 may be attributed to thermal erosion resulting in the partial melting of lithosphere during the long-term incubation of a magma chamber/pond at a shallow crustal level. The Cona mafic rocks are probably related to a progressively lithospheric thinning beneath eastern Gondwanaland from 150–145 Ma to 130 Ma. Our new observations seem to indicate that the Kerguelen plume may have started its incubation as early as the latest Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous period and that the incubating Kerguelen plume may play an active role in the breakup of Greater India, eastern India, and northwestern Australia.     

辽宁南部万福变质核杂岩的发现及其区域构造意义

根据宏观与微观构造测量,结合白垩纪沉积盆地组成与结构、区域岩浆活动性及其测年资料等的综合分析,揭示出在辽宁南部辽南变质核杂岩东侧存在另一个变质核杂岩构造,即万福变质核杂岩。该核杂岩具有典型的三层结构:拆离断层带由不同层次构造岩构成,上盘为元古宇岩石,下盘是太古宇岩石和就位于其中的同构造花岗质侵入体。万福变质核杂岩形成于早白垩世,与辽南变质核杂岩构成一个变质核杂岩对,两者在很多方面具有相似性。该变质核杂岩对的厘定可能为阐明华北晚中生代岩石圈的力学和流变学属性以及岩石圈减薄过程提供了依据。     

黄河流域县域碳排放的时空格局演变及空间效应机制

利用空间面板模型、空间自相关分析和以区域背景与最近邻状况为空间滞后的空间马尔科夫链对2000—2017年黄河流域县域碳排放时空格局与空间效应进行分析,结果表明：① 2000年以来黄河流域碳排放量激增,由山东全域和陕甘宁蒙交界的高值区向外圈层与轴向扩张,形成东高西低碳排放格局;② 存在“俱乐部趋同”现象,高碳排放县集聚于山东全域和陕甘宁蒙交界,低碳排放县集聚于西南部;2000年与2017年对比发现县域碳排放类型稳定性强,较高碳排放变为较低碳排放的县集中在东南部区域,而相反方向转变的县集中在内蒙古;③ 高碳溢出效应与低碳锁定效应是塑造时空格局的重要作用力,前者作用力更强;区域背景增强了“俱乐部趋同”与被包围异常值趋同,作用力强于最近邻状况,不显著区域内碳排放类型转变概率提高。④ 空间面板模型结果显示年轻人口结构、大经济规模、二产为主产业结构、高生活水平和高公共支出促进了碳排放量增加与空间效应作用,其中经济规模与产业结构是重要驱动因素。