准噶尔板块东北缘富铌玄武岩的发现及其地质意义

富铌玄武岩是硅过饱和,富Ｎａ2Ｏ,ＴｉＯ2,Ｐ2Ｏ5,同时富集高场强元素的一类岛弧玄武岩,这类玄武岩的ｗ(Ｎｂ)>7×10-6,(ｗ(Ｌａ)/ｗ(Ｎｂ))ＭＮ<2。它是由来源于70100ｋｍ深处、受ａｄａｋｉｔｅ熔体交代过的地幔楔橄榄岩部分熔融形成的,是大洋板块俯冲作用的产物。目前发现的富铌玄武岩大多分布在环太平洋新生代岛弧环境,与洋壳俯冲作用密切相关[1 5]。本研究在准噶尔板块东北缘富蕴县的索尔库都克附近首次发现了富铌玄武岩。它产于下泥盆统托让格库都克组中、上部。该地层自下而上的岩石组合为:玄武岩 火山凝灰角砾岩 火山集块岩 含…     

Authigenic calcium carbonate flux in groundwater-controlled lakes: Implications for lacustrine paleoclimate records

Groundwater dominated lakes are an important feature of many landscapes. Their sediments are a particularly valuable source of paleoenvironmental information in semiarid regions where perennial lakes may otherwise be scarce. Where groundwater and lake composition are favorable, carbonate mineral precipitation, evaporative concentration of lake water, and microbial processes can combine to strongly deplete dissolved Ca relative to influent groundwaters. The authigenic carbonate flux (ACF) can then become limited by water column cation availability and thereby be coupled to groundwater inflow rates and aquifer recharge. Here we analyze sedimentary records from two marl-producing, groundwater-controlled lakes and demonstrate a link between one-dimensional ACF and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), a measure of land surface wetness. In a restricted outflow lake with high-carbonate alkalinity, ACF is enhanced during historically wet climatic periods in response to increased aquifer recharge rates. ACF in this lake declines during droughts. A neighboring dilute lake with a high rate of groundwater outflow shows comparatively weak coupling between ACF and PDSI history. Ionic chemistry, carbonate mineral equilibria, and δ¹³C patterns of dissolved inorganic carbon show that the sensitivity of the ACF signal depends on the degree of evaporative evolution of lake water and the mineral saturation state of the water column under conditions of stratification and ice cover.     

Planetary Boundary Layer over a Small Island as Observed by a Doppler Sodar

Observations from a new five-beam phasedarray Doppler sodar located over a small islandrevealed the development of an internal boundary layer (IBL)from the edge of a cliff in strong windcases, and the presence of systematic convective motions in unstableconditions. The top of the IBL ischaracterized by a small wind maximum trailing fromthe strong wind area at the edge of the cliff, anddevelops with distance from the edge. In the presence ofcumulus clouds, an upwardvelocity region, surrounded by downward motion, wasobserved in the subcloud layer. Anupward convective pattern of organized motion following the passage of cumulus clouds may be young thermalsrising from a height of about 100 m.     

Holocene Climate in the Northern Great Plains Inferred from Sediment Stratigraphy, Stable Isotopes, Carbonate Geochemistry, Diatoms, and Pollen at Moon Lake, North Dakota

Seismic stratigraphy, sedimentary facies, pollen stratigraphy, diatom-inferred salinity, stable isotope (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C), and chemical composition (Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) of authigenic carbonates from Moon Lake cores provide a congruent Holocene record of effective moisture for the eastern Northern Great Plains. Between 11,700 and 9500¹⁴C yr B.P., the climate was cool and moist. A gradual decrease in effective moisture occurred between 9500 and 7100¹⁴C yr B.P. A change at about 7100¹⁴C yr B.P. inaugurated the most arid period during the Holocene. Between 7100 and 4000¹⁴C yr B.P., three arid phases occurred at 6600–6200¹⁴C yr B.P., 5400–5200¹⁴C yr B.P., and 4800–4600¹⁴C yr B.P. Effective moisture generally increased after 4000¹⁴C yr B.P., but periods of low effective moisture occurred between 2900–2800¹⁴C yr B.P. and 1200–800¹⁴C yr B.P. The data also suggest high climatic variability during the last few centuries. Despite the overall congruence, the biological (diatom), sedimentological, isotopic, and chemical proxies were occassionally out of phase. At these times the evaporative process was not the only control of lake-water chemical and isotopic composition.     

What can be learned from rotational motions excited by earthquakes?

One answer to the question posed in the title is that we will have more accurate data for arrival times of SH waves, because the rotational component around the vertical axis is sensitive to SH waves although not to P-SV waves. Importantly, there is another answer related to seismic sources, which will be discussed in this paper.
Generally, not only dislocations commonly used in earthquake models but also other kind of defects could contribute to producing seismic waves. In particular, rotational strains at earthquake sources directly generate rotational components in seismic waves. Employing the geometrical theory of defects, we obtain a general expression for the rotational motion of seismic waves as a function of the parameters of source defects.
Using this expression, together with one for translational motion, we can estimate the rotational strain tensor and the spatial variation of slip velocity in the source area of earthquakes. These quantities will be large at the edges of a fault plane due to spatially rapid changes of slip on the fault and/or a formation of tensile fractures.     

A fuzzy information processing system of seismic data

We have developed a workstation-assisted information processing system. The system has three major functions: information retrieval from seismic data, detection of earthquake precursors, and graphical display of relevant results. Fuzziness is inevitably involved in these functions, an adequate treatment of which is vital. The system accepts instructions given by a successive choice of words in hierarchal structure, which is followed by a tune-up of the corresponding membership function. The degrees of fuzziness in the outputs are recognized visually, for example, by coloring. This contrivance together with dynamic data exchange among the above functions facilitates the operation of the system. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 399–406, 1993. This study is partly supported by a project “Fuzzy systems and their applications to human and natural sciences” of Science and Technology Agency.     

MgSiO3 ilmenite: Heat capacity,thermal expansivity,and enthalpy of transformation

A new determination, using high temperature drop-solution calorimetry, of the enthalpy of transformation of MgSiO₃ pyroxene to ilmenite gives H ₂₉₈ = 59.03 ±4.26 kJ/mol. The heat capacity of the ilmenite and orthopyroxene phases has been measured by differential scanning calorimetry at 170–700 K; C_p of MgSiO₃ ilmenite is 4–10 percent less than that of MgSiO₃ pyroxene throughout the range studied. The heat capacity differences are consistent with lattice vibrational models proposed by McMillan and Ross (1987) and suggest an entropy change of -18 ± 3 J-K^-1 ·mol^-1, approximately independent of temperature, for the pyroxene-ilmenite transition. The unit cell parameters of MgSiO₃ ilmenite were measured at 298–876 K and yield an average volume thermal expansion coefficient of 2.44 × 10^-5 K^-1. The thermochemical data are used to calculate phase relations involving pyroxene, -Mg₂SiO₄ plus stishovite, Mg₂SiO₄ spinel plus stishovite, and ilmenite in good agreement with the results of high pressure studies.