Extracting eco-hydrological information of inland wetland from L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar image in Honghe National Nature Reserve,Northeast China

Taking a typical inland wetland of Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR), Northeast China, as the study area, this paper studied the application of L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image in extracting eco-hydrological information of inland wetland. Landsat-5 TM and ALOS PALSAR HH backscatter images were first fused by using the wavelet-IHS method. Based on the fused image data, the classification method of support vector machines was used to map the wetland in the study area. The overall mapping accuracy is 77.5%. Then, the wet and dry aboveground biomass estimation models, including statistical models and a Rice Cloudy model, were established. Optimal parameters for the Rice Cloudy model were calculated in MATLAB by using the least squares method. Based on the validation results, it was found that the Rice Cloudy model produced higher accuracy for both wet and dry aboveground biomass estimation compared to the statistical models. Finally, subcanopy water boundary information was extracted from the HH backscatter image by threshold method. Compared to the actual water borderline result, the extracted result from L-band SAR image is reliable. In this paper, the HH-HV phase difference was proved to be valueless for extracting subcanopy water boundary information.     

Scale issues of wetland classification and mapping using remote sensing images: A case of Honghe National Nature Reserve in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

Wetland research has become a hot spot linking multiple disciplines presently. Wetland classification and mapping is the basis for wetland research. It is difficult to generate wetland data sets using traditional methods because of the low accessibility of wetlands, hence remote sensing data have become one of the primary data sources in wetland research. This paper presents a case study conducted at the core area of Honghe National Nature Reserve in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. In this study, three images generated by airship, from Thematic Mapper and from SPOT 5 were selected to produce wetland maps at three different wetland landscape levels. After assessing classification accuracies of the three maps, we compared the different wetland mapping results of 11 plant communities to the airship image, 6 plant ecotypes to the TM image and 9 landscape classifications to the SPOT 5 image. We discussed the different characteristics of the hierarchical ecosystem classifications based on the spatial scales of the different images. The results indicate that spatial scales of remote sensing data have an important link to the hierarchies of wetland plant ecosystems displayed on the wetland landscape maps. The richness of wetland landscape information derived from an image closely relates to its spatial resolution. This study can enrich the ecological classification methods and mapping techniques dealing with the spatial scales of different remote sensing images. With a better understanding of classification accuracies in mapping wetlands by using different scales of remote sensing data, we can make an appropriate approach for dealing with the scale issue of remote sensing images.     

鲁西北地区一次秋季强对流天气的雷达识别分析

利用SA雷达探测和高空探空资料,结合防雹作业数据和灾情信息,对2016年9月11日发生在鲁西北地区的强对流天气过程中两个对流单体进行雷达识别分析。结果表明:两个对流单体发展迅速,在4-7个体扫(约25-45min)内,垂直液态水含量(VIL)分别跃增了27kg·m^-2、16kg·m^-2,达到64kg·m^-2、57kg·m^-2;在反射率因子图上都具有典型的冰雹回波特征:存在较明显的强回波墙、回波穹窿、有界弱回波区;实施防雹作业后,对流单体回波顶高、VIL、风暴质心高度、冰雹概率、强冰雹概率等指标持续下降,进一步证实了开展防雹作业可有效地减小降雹灾害。     

不同的酸雨处理对冬小麦净光合速率的影响

以冬小麦(皖麦68)为研究对象,采用大田及盆栽的培育方式,按照不同浓度将酸雨分为CK(pH5.6)、T1(pH4.0)、T2(p H2.5)三组,探究酸雨对小麦不同生育期净光合速率的影响。结果表明,随着模拟酸雨p H值的减小,小麦净光合速率受到抑制加强。整个小麦生长周期中T2处理下小麦净光合速率较CK处理降幅均显著,其中开花期的降幅达到极显著,而T1处理较CK处理净光合速率虽然有所降低,但不显著。小麦生长期间,中午时段会出现"光合午休"现象,此时会有效抑制小麦的净光合速率。     

2017年2月下旬浙江省一次冷锋引起的大风天气过程分析

利用常规地面气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2017年2月20—21日浙江省中西部地区的一次冷空气大风天气过程进行分析。结果表明：西伯利亚冷高压与东亚大槽共同作用形成的强气压梯度是此次大风天气过程的重要成因;高空槽槽后动量下传是此次区域性大风超出一般冷锋大风强度的关键因素;200 hPa高空西风急流入流区的辐合下沉运动与冷锋前的上升运动叠加形成的次级环流是此次大风天气出现的增强条件。     

挑战与冲突下的景区修建性详细规划对策探析——以临潭县冶木峡景区为例

以临潭县冶木峡景区招标项目的旅游修建性详细规划为例,以景区发展的外部环境和内部条件的分析和评价为基础,通过对规划中面临的挑战和冲突的把握和认识,经过多次"头脑风暴"的不断搜寻、验证和思考,逐步明确为若干个相对清晰的规划目标和规划理念.并从景区发展的总体定位、空间结构、用地竖向、道路系统、传统建筑风格与风貌、生态环境保护等方面,针对上述挑战和冲突,提出了规划对策.最后,针对景区修建性详细规划中面临的普遍问题,提出通过"规划预研究"的形式解决景区上位规划和相关规划缺失的矛质;并对设计中对待传统文化和建筑风格的基本态度提出了看法.     

Characterization and quantification of within-year variation of snow-cover elevation in mountainous regions, eastern Tibet

Fluctuating snow-covered elevation (FSCE) was conceptualized and proposed to characterize within-year variation of the border between snow-covered and snow-free area in mountainous regions. Two parameters, namely median of snow free period (T_m) and snow free duration (ΔT), were defined to quantify FSCE. A regression model of FSCE was developed for the Lhasa River Basin, Niyang River Basin, and Changdu region in eastern Tibet. Statistical analysis of the snow-products data with a spatial resolution of 25km×25km shows that: (1) T_m correlates weakly with geographical and topographic factors, having the yearly mean value of July 31; (2) ΔT correlates significantly with the average elevation of the snow-products cell, having the yearly mean value of nearly five months (i.e., 151 days); (3) the region begins snow disappearance in late April and finishes snow coverage in mid November, being snow-free from late June to mid September and snow-covered from December to March in the next year. In addition, snow-products with higher spatial resolution will be helpful to characterize FSCE in smaller spatial scales.     

Holocene aquatic ecosystem change in the boreal vegetation zone of northern Finland

We studied multiple variables in a sediment core from Lake Kipojärvi, northern Finland, to investigate Holocene ecosystem changes in relation to catchment characteristics and known climate variations. We focused on a forested catchment because previous paleolimnological studies conducted in Fennoscandia focused mainly on subarctic lakes within a range of shifting treeline(s). Data on aquatic macrophytes, diatoms, Cladocera, C:N ratio, organic matter (LOI) and regional vegetation (pollen), revealed a three-phase limnological development. The early Holocene, species-rich, mesotrophic lake was transformed into an oligotrophic, species-poor aquatic ecosystem by the early middle Holocene, ca. 7,500 cal years BP, earlier than has generally been reported. The transition involved considerable changes in aquatic macrophytes. Changes in the Cladocera and diatom communities appear to have been linked to aquatic macrophyte development, which in turn, was probably regulated by catchment development and hydrology, and a consequent decrease in nutrient input from the catchment. During the more humid late Holocene, surface flow from the catchment probably increased, but the lake??s nutrient status remained oligotrophic. Possible reasons for low nutrient concentration in the late Holocene include: 1) slower biogeochemical cycling due to cooler climate, 2) a new hydrologic outlet and associated shorter water-retention times, and 3) accelerated peatland development in the catchment that affected water flow patterns and nutrient cycling.     

GESE: a small UV space telescope to conduct a large spectroscopic survey of z∼1 Galaxies

One of the key goals of NASA’s astrophysics program is to answer the question: How did galaxies evolve into the spirals and elliptical galaxies that we see today? We describe a space mission concept called Galaxy Evolution Spectroscopic Explorer (GESE) to address this question by making a large spectroscopic survey of galaxies at a redshift, z～1 (look-back time of ～8 billion years). GESE is a 1.5-m space telescope with an ultraviolet (UV) multi-object slit spectrograph that can obtain spectra of hundreds of galaxies per exposure. The spectrograph covers the spectral range, 0.2–0.4 μm at a spectral resolving power, R～500. This observed spectral range corresponds to 0.1–0.2 μm as emitted by a galaxy at a redshift, z=1. The mission concept takes advantage of two new technological advances: (1) light-weighted, wide-field telescope mirrors, and (2) the Next-Generation MicroShutter Array (NG-MSA) to be used as a slit generator in the multi-object slit spectrograph.     

THE DISTRIBUTION REGULARITY OF HIGHER CATEGORIES IN CHINESE SOIL TAXONOMY

SoildaSSificationPlays~rolesinsoilsUrVey,soilmappingandagriculturaltechnologytranSferinthelightoflocalconditions.ItisalsothemediumofsoilsciencecornmunicationamongdomesticandinternationalscholarS.MOber,thesurveyandevaluationoftricultUralnatalsoarealways~onthesoilclaSSification:firstly,theproperties,typeSanddistributionSofAmsmustbesurveyed;thenthesoiladaptationandproductionPOtentialcanbeevaluated.This'isoneofthemostimportantandbasicworkintheinvestigatignofagricultUralsituation.I.~~or~occu…