复杂造山带地区三维地质填图中深部地质结构的约束方法: 西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区三维地质填图实践

在地球物理资料稀少、钻孔数据匮乏的复杂造山带地区进行三维地质填图, 目前尚处于实践探索阶段.我们的填图工作思路是: 以精细地表地质调查为基础, 在地质-地球物理-钻孔等多源数据约束下, 充分利用野外走廊带解析剖面、实测自然剖面、地球物理解释剖面等资料, 进行人机交互式三维地质建模, 并根据使用资料的准确性、空间分辨的精细程度等对模型的可靠程度进行分块评价.浅表层以地表地质信息(包括产状、地层层序关系、地层厚度、褶皱形态、断层性质与位移、局部和区域概念地质模型等)约束为主, 深部地质结构则主要依据地球物理剖面资料, 少量钻孔资料不仅用以校验地球物理资料解释的可靠性, 并对模型施加强约束.以西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区三维地质填图为例, 着重讨论了在三维建模中如何具体实现上述思路和约束方法.实践证明, 该填图思路和建模方法是行之有效的, 可操作性强.      

蒙古国南部曼莱苏木铜金矿区地质特征与找矿远景研究

曼莱苏木铜金矿区是蒙古国南部曼莱—曼达赫成矿带上一个新发现的铜金矿区。对曼莱苏木铜金矿区与该成矿带上的欧玉陶勒盖铜金矿床、查干苏布尔加铜钼矿床的分析对比,认为它们具有相同或相似的成矿地质特征,表明曼莱苏木铜金矿区成矿地质条件十分有利,并圈定了乌兰敖包和奥尤特两个成矿远景区。     

Identification of drainage patterns using a graph convolutional neural network

Various geological factors shape drainage patterns. Identifying drainage patterns is a classic problem in topographical knowledge mining and map generalization. Existing rule-based methods rely heavily on the parameter settings of cartographers for drainage-pattern recognition. These methods effectively identify drainage patterns in specific areas but require manual parameter tuning to identify drainage patterns in other areas. Owing to the complexity of topological and geometric characteristics, drainage pattern recognition involves nonlinear problems, and it is difficult to build mapping relationships between characteristics and patterns using rule-based methods. Therefore, we proposed a data-driven method based on a graph convolutional neural network to avoid heavy reliance on human experience and automatically mine implicit relationships between characteristics and drainage patterns. First, six typical drainage patterns (dendritic, rectangular, parallel, trellis, reticulate, and fanned) were listed based on map specifications, and the unique characteristics of each drainage pattern were illustrated. Subsequently, the drainage graphs were constructed. The characteristics of the whole, local, and individual units in the drainage networks were quantified based on drainage vector data. Finally, an identification model was developed using graph convolution, self-attention pooling, and multiple fully connected layers for drainage pattern recognition. After training and testing, the accuracy of our model (0.801 ± 0.014) was better than that of the rule-based method (0.572 ± 0.000) and the traditional machine learning methods (less than 0.733 ± 0.016). The results demonstrate that the ability of our model to identify drainage patterns surpasses that of other methods.     

中国流动人才居留意愿和时长的空间分布及影响因素

基于2017年流动人口动态监测数据,引入时间的新维度,采用空间自相关等方法,在城市尺度上刻画流动人才居留状况的空间分布格局;采用多项Logistic回归,分析流动人才居留意愿和实际居留时长的影响因素。结果发现：(1)流动人才居留意愿与实际居留时长的空间分布格局均呈现南北差异。(2)流动人才的居留意愿和实际居留时长差异明显,大量人才虽然在流入地短期居留,但多有长期居留意愿。(3)随着人才主观居留意愿和客观居留时长增加,舒适物对人才居留的影响在增加。(4)影响流动人才长期居留意愿和实际长期居留的主要因素存在较大差异,流动人才长期居留意愿更大程度上受人才自身特征影响,而实际长期居留更大程度上受流入地因素影响。     

Evaluating environmental drivers of Holocene changes in water chemistry and aquatic biota composition at Lake Loitsana,NE Finland

This study presents a detailed analysis of geochemical and biotic proxies in a lake sediment profile to assess the effects of local and regional environmental drivers on the Holocene development of Lake Loitsana, situated in the northern boreal forest of NE Finland. Multi-proxy studies, in particular those that include a detailed plant macrofossil record, from the part of the northern boreal zone of Fennoscandia which has not been affected by treeline fluctuations, are scarce and few of these records date back to the earliest part of the Holocene. A 9-m sediment sequence of gyttja overlying silts representing the last c. 10,700 cal year, allowed for a high-resolution study with emphasis on the early to mid-Holocene lake history. The lacustrine sediments were studied using lithology, loss-on-ignition and C/N ratios, micro- and macro-fossils of aquatic and wetland taxa, diatoms, chironomids and accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C dating on terrestrial plant macrofossils. Our study shows that the local development at Loitsana was complex and included a distinct glacial lake phase and subsequent drainage, a history of fluvial input affected by nearby wetland expansion, and lake infilling in an eventual esker-fed shallow lake. Enhanced trophic conditions, due to morphometric eutrophication, are recorded as Glacial Lake Sokli drained and open water conditions became restricted to a relatively small Lake Loitsana depression. pH appears to have been stable throughout the Holocene with a well-buffered lake due to the local carbonatite bedrock (Sokli Carbonatite Massif). The fossil assemblage changes are best explained by a complex mixture of drivers, including water-body conditions (i.e. depth, turbidity and turbulence), rate of sediment input, and the general infilling of the lake, highlighting the need to carefully evaluate the possible influence of such local factors as palaeoenvironmental conditions are reconstructed based on aquatic proxies.     

网格编程模型研究现状分析

网格编程的任务是研究编程模型、工具和方法。可移植性、互操作性、资源发现与容错功能等是其基本性质。在传统编程模型的基础上,出现了共享状态模型、消息传递模型、远程过程调用与远程方法启动模型、混合模型、动态模型、结构化模型、对等式模型以及协调模型。这些模型各具特色,但仍需在应用中改进,以更好地满足需求。     

Landsat卫星遥感影像的大气校正方法研究

介绍了一种对Landsat卫星遥感影像逐像元进行大气校正模型,该模型基于MODTRAN大气辐射传输模型计算建立的查找表（look up table,LUT）,并结合暗元目标法（dark object method,DOM）,利用遥感影像自身的信息对遥感影像进行大气校正。以Landsat ETM＋遥感影像为例,介绍了算法流程,同时给出了大气校正前后的对比结果。结果表明,利用该模型进行的影像逐像元的大气校正,能够有效地降低大气中的大气分子、水汽、臭氧、气溶胶粒子等对卫星遥感影像造成的影响,获得更加精确的地物真实反射率,有利于遥感信息的进一步定量提取和专题解译。     

Estimating Reaction Rate Coefficients Within a Travel‐Time Modeling Framework

A generalized, efficient, and practical approach based on the travel‐time modeling framework is developed to estimate in situ reaction rate coefficients for groundwater remediation in heterogeneous aquifers. The required information for this approach can be obtained by conducting tracer tests with injection of a mixture of conservative and reactive tracers and measurements of both breakthrough curves (BTCs). The conservative BTC is used to infer the travel‐time distribution from the injection point to the observation point. For advection‐dominant reactive transport with well‐mixed reactive species and a constant travel‐time distribution, the reactive BTC is obtained by integrating the solutions to advective‐reactive transport over the entire travel‐time distribution, and then is used in optimization to determine the in situ reaction rate coefficients. By directly working on the conservative and reactive BTCs, this approach avoids costly aquifer characterization and improves the estimation for transport in heterogeneous aquifers which may not be sufficiently described by traditional mechanistic transport models with constant transport parameters. Simplified schemes are proposed for reactive transport with zero‐, first‐, nth‐order, and Michaelis‐Menten reactions. The proposed approach is validated by a reactive transport case in a two‐dimensional synthetic heterogeneous aquifer and a field‐scale bioremediation experiment conducted at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The field application indicates that ethanol degradation for U(VI)‐bioremediation is better approximated by zero‐order reaction kinetics than first‐order reaction kinetics.     

平移初至点走时动校正反演(英文)

浅层长排列信号在动校正后出现动校拉伸,本文从走时公式的角度深入研究其产生机理,,论证了常规走时公式不能准确描述同一反射子波中所有采样点的走时,建立在子波中心点走时基础上的传统速度分析不能得到准确的动校正速度。通过理论推导重构了同一子波周期中各信号点的走时公式,进而提出基于初至点走时的动校正反演方法,其反演精度相对于传统方法得到了大幅提升。最终采用初至点走时对长排列记录进行整体搬家取得了无拉伸校平的结果,验证了所重构公式的正确性。     

Detection of the urban heat island in Beijing using HJ-1B satellite imagery

Satellite images are used extensively in studying the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. We evaluated the suitability of thermal infrared (TIR) data from the HJ-1B satellite for detecting UHI using a case study in Beijing. Two modified algorithms for retrieving the land surface temperature (LST) from HJ-1B data were tested. The results were compared with LST images derived from a Landsat TM thermal band and the MODIS LST output. The spatial pattern of UHI generated using HJ-1B data matched well with that produced using TM and MODIS data. Of the two algorithms, the mono-window algorithm performed better but further tests are necessary. With more frequent coverage than TM and higher spatial resolution than MODIS, the HJ-1B TIR data present a unique opportunity to study thermal environments in cities in China and neighboring countries.