基于贝叶斯模型平均的全球洪水中长期预报评估研究

筛选全球5839个水文站逐日径流数据,采用超阈值采样法提取洪水发生频率及时间,将各季节最大日流量作为季节洪水量级,以优选的多个大尺度气候因子的最佳前置月份序列作为潜在预报因子,基于贝叶斯模型平均法构建全球尺度洪水中长期预报模型,并利用均方误差技术指数（MSESS）评价模型的预报效果。结果表明：全球范围内,洪水量级和频率模拟预报效果合格（0.6>MSESS>0.2）的水文站点占比分别为48%和28%;利用前置季节气候因子数据,驱动所构建的洪水中长期预报模型,有效预报了2020年鄱阳湖流域洪水量级将异常偏高。     

夏日哈木超大型镍矿I号岩体地幔源区性质和硫化物熔离过程：来自橄榄石成分、亲铜元素和硫同位素的约束

夏日哈木超大型镍矿I号岩体的地幔源区目前仍存在软流圈、大陆下岩石圈地幔和辉石岩地幔三种不同认识。本次研究通过对该岩体西段新近发现的隐伏矿体ZK3109钻孔中斜方辉石岩和浸染状矿石中的橄榄石进行原位成分分析,识别地幔源区性质,并结合硫化物原位S同位素和全岩亲铜元素组成,探讨硫化物熔离过程。样品中橄榄石均具有较低的Mn/Zn比值(基本小于13.5),而且斜方辉石岩中橄榄石具有较低的100×Mn/Fe比值(基本小于1.35),指示岩体源区有辉石岩地幔组分加入,与前人根据硫化物矿体富Ni特征的推测一致。橄榄石低Ca(小于300.00×10^-6)、高Li(平均9.83×10^-6)以及Sc与Ni正相关指示辉石岩地幔组分可能是俯冲洋壳物质交代大陆下岩石圈地幔的产物。另一方面,斜方辉石岩中橄榄石Ni、Fo值均与Co负相关且全岩S和铂族元素(PGE)相关性不明显,说明浅部岩浆房硫化物熔离发生在斜方辉石岩形成之后。浸染状矿石中橄榄石Co和Ni正相关且全岩S和PGE正相关,暗示橄榄石成分受控于硫化物熔离。样品中镍黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿δ³⁴...     

Energy Budget over Seasonal Snow Surface at an Open Site and Beneath Forest Canopy Openness during the Snowmelt Period in Western Tianshan Mountains,China

In this study, meteorological factors and snowmelt rate at an open site on sunny slope(OPS) and beneath forest canopy openness on shady slope(BFC) were measured using an automatic weather station and snow lysimeter during the snowmelt period in 2009, 2010 and 2013. The energy budget over snow surface was calculated according to these meteorological datasets. The analysis results indicated that the net shortwave radiation(K) and sensible heat flux(H) were energy sources, and the latent heat flux(LVE) was energy sinks of snow surfaces at all sites. The net longwave radiation(L) was energy sink at OPS and 80% BFC, but energy source at 20% BFC. The gain of K, H, and the loss of LVE at BFC were obviously lower than those at OPS. The L was the maximum difference of energy budget between snow surface at BFC and OPS. In warm and wet years, the most important factor of the energy budget variation at OPS was air humidity and the second mostimportant factor was air temperature. However, the ground surface temperature on the sunny slope was the most important factor for L and energy budget at BFC. With the increases in forest canopy openness and the slope of adjacent terrains, the influences of ground surface temperature on the sunny slope on L and the energy budget over snow surface at BFC increased, especially when the snow cover on the sunny slope melts completely.     

小波低频子带预测的遥感图像分布式编码

传感技术的不断发展使遥感图像的时间、空间和光谱分辨率不断提高,信息量日益增大,给遥感图像的存储和传输带来了极大挑战,传统图像编码策略难以适应这种基于上行的遥感图像应用需求。本文提出一种基于小波低频子带预测的分布式遥感图像编码方案,利用预测插值的方法得到用于解码Wyner-Ziv的辅助信息,图像的低频信息采用小波零树编码方案,而预测误差图像采用基于均匀量化和位平面的Turbo混合编码方案;在解码端,以预测误差图像的码流作为辅助信息,将其与图像的低频信息码流进行联合解码。实验结果表明,提出方法具有编码效率高、失真率小、压缩比高、抗误码性强和码流具有质量可分级等特性。     

Boron cosmochemistry. Part II: Boron nucleosynthesis and condensation temperature

Abstract— The new B solar-system abundance calculated by Zhai and Shaw (1994), 16.9 atoms/10⁶ Si (or 606 atoms/10¹² H) is used to reevaluate the different possibilities of LiBeB (except ⁷Li) nucleosynthesis. The revised abundances support two models: (1) Light elements were formed by continual bombardment of interstellar medium (ISM) by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), but these galactic cosmic rays should contain a very intense low-energy component, in the form of E^?5 which cannot be observed near the Earth due to solar modulation effects; (2) Light elements are a mixture of two sources. In the first source, light elements were synthesized by continual bombardment of interstellar medium by galactic cosmic rays. In the second source, they were made by the interactions of C and O nuclei ejected from supernovae with the H and He in the surrounding gas. The first source constitutes ～46% of total B. The Si-normalized and CI-meteorite-normalized abundances of common and volatile elements in carbonaceous chondrites show a linear correlation with their condensation temperatures. Using this relationship and the normalized B abundances in CM, CO, and CV meteorites, we can estimate the B condensation temperature to be ～910 K, which is similar to Ga.     

融雪期中国天山西部山地表层积雪能量收支特征

表层积雪的能量收支特征对积雪物理特性变化和融雪等过程具有重要影响。本研究利用2010年融雪期在中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站内的雪层密度、含水率、雪层温度以及热通量等观测数据,分析在距雪表40 cm范围内雪层能量收支的时空变化特征。结果表明:表层积雪的能量交换主要发生在距雪表20 cm范围内,短波穿透辐射是表层积雪最重要的能量来源。热传导、短波穿透辐射和潜热均随时间逐渐增加。在过渡期和融雪前期,表层积雪的平均总能量为负,融雪主要发生在积雪表层。由于夜晚潜热影响使得融雪后期表层积雪总能量为正值。融雪能影响整个雪层。     

新疆巩乃斯河流域季节性积雪中硫酸盐的时空分布与来源

１９９６￣１９９７年冬季,一次针对巩乃斯河流域季节怀积雪化学成分的调查与研究工作和以开展,期间共采集了约１００个新、老雪样。经室内分析发现巩乃斯河流域季节性积雪中含有相对丰富的硫酸盐。本文主要分析了该流域季节性积雪的ＳＯ４＾２－离子以及与之有关的Ｋ＾＋＋Ｎｚ＾２＋和Ｃａ＾２＋离子的时间与海拔分布特征,并重点讨论了硫酸酸盐类物质的来源．     

虾头透明质酸酶的研究

以中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ虾头经处理，得到虾头透明质酸酶酶液，再经沉淀、硫酸铵反抽提、ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素提取和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶层析。纯化倍数达７２０倍，比活８４０ｕ·ｍｇ－１蛋白。该酶最适ｐＨ为４．５，最适温度为５０℃。     

虾头几丁质酶的研究

用中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ虾头经处理制得几丁质酶酶液，再经抽提、沉淀和精制几丁质亲和层析，纯化倍数达１０８倍，比活３４４ＩｍＵ·ｍｇ－１蛋白质。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定其纯度，测得分子量为４４７００，等电点为４．５，最适ｐＨ为５，最适温度５５℃。本法简单易行，可应用于大规模生产中。     

一流本科建设中《地球科学概论》课程教学改革与探索

《地球科学概论》是高校地质学类专业学生迈入大学学习的第一门专业基础课程,持续的课程建设和教学改革意义重大。课程团队遵循以学生学习和发展为中心的教学理念,尊重学生主体性,紧扣课程目标,丰富教材资源,拓展教学空间,提升教学质量。采用线上线下混合小班教学、专题研讨、课堂及野外实践充分结合的方式,提高学生参与度和课堂实效性,强化综合素质培养。凝练专业家国情怀和科技成就,构建多维度课程思政,实现价值引领、知识教育、能力培养的有机统一。