基于多种生物指数的中国渤海莱州湾海域底栖生境健康评价

As an important part of the Bohai economic rim, the Laizhou Bay has been stressed by serious eco-environmental problems in recent years. In this study, the Shannon-Wiener index(H′), AZTI's marine biotic index(AMBI) and the multivariate AMBI(M-AMBI) were used to assess the ecological quality status(EQS) of the Laizhou Bay according to macrobenthos data collected annually in August 2011–2014. The results showed that the overall benthic habitat quality in the Laizhou Bay was assessed as "Good". However, 25% of the samples were classified as"Moderate", "Bad" or "Poor" status under degraded conditions. Ecological group Ⅲ(EGⅢ) species which had a certain tolerance to environmental disturbances had a higher proportion in each station, and most of them had appeared the pollution indicator species Capitella capitata. This indicated that the benthic habitat in the Laizhou Bay had been disturbed and polluted to some extent. The comparison of the three indices evaluation result and the RDA analysis showed that the H′ and M-AMBI were more suitable when the relative abundance of the single species was high and the macrobenthic community was significantly imbalanced; when the relative abundance of opportunistic species(EGIV and EGV) was high, the AMBI and M-AMBI could reflected the EQS objectively; in an undisturbed and polluted environment, all the three indices could indicate the benthic habitats quality. In summary, the better correlation between the three indices and environmental factors showed that they were well responsive to the tendency of the benthic habitats quality in the Laizhou Bay.     

Four Decadal Ocean-Atmosphere Modes in the North Pacific Revealed by Various Analysis Methods

Various statistical methods (empirical orthogonal function (EOF), rotated EOF, singular value decomposition (SVD), principal oscillation pattern (POP), complex EOF (CEOF) and joint CEOF) were applied to low-pass filtered (>7 years) sea surface temperature (SST), subsurface temperature and 500 hPa geopotential height in order to reveal standing and propagating features of decadal variations in the North Pacific. Four decadal ocean-atmosphere covariant modes were found in this study. The first mode is the well-known ENSO-like mode associated with the “Pacific-North American” atmospheric pattern, showing SST variations reversed between the tropics and the extratropics. In the western tropical Pacific, subsurface temperature variations were found to be out of phase with the SST variations. The other three modes are related to the oceanic general circulation composed of the subtropical gyre, the Alaskan gyre and the subpolar gyre, respectively. The 1988/89 event in the northern North Pacific was found to be closely associated with the subtropical gyre mode, and the atmospheric pattern associated with this mode is the Arctic Oscillation. An upper ocean heat budget analysis suggests that the surface net heat flux and mean gyre advection are important to the Alaskan gyre mode. For the subpolar gyre mode, the mean gyre advection, local Ekman pumping and surface net heat flux play important roles. Possible air-sea interactions in the North Pacific are also discussed. The oceanic signals for these decadal modes occupy a thick layer in the North Pacific, so that accumulated heat content may in turn support long-term climate variations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

平稳过滤白噪声激励下海洋桩基平台响应分析

本文研究了平稳过滤白噪声激励下海洋桩基平台响应分析方法，该方法将强地面运动视为三向平稳过滤白噪声随机过程，应用留数定理推导出积分平台响应的表达式。对一水深为１１４．３ｍ的海洋桩基平台进行了平稳过滤白噪声激励下响应的计算，其成果与平稳白噪声激励下的响应和响应谱法计算结果进行了对比，并得出了相应的结论。     

长江口区鱼类群聚结构、丰盛度及其季节变化的研究

长江是世界第三大河,长江三角洲素有金三角之称,在我国国民经济中处于举足轻重的地位。长江口区内接长江,外连东海,是一个相对独立的半咸水体系。长江径流、台湾暖流和黄海水在此交汇、混合,加上气候变化、潮汐涨落、波浪运动,使其理化条件瞬息万变,给生物提供了一个混合、过渡与复杂多变的非生物环境,它与生物群落构成了一个结构复杂、形态多变、功能独特的河口区生态系统。充满生机的生物群落因环境条件的变化而在一定的范围内不断地改变其数量、大小、组成、结构和形态,整个生态系統处于一种动态平衡状态。鱼类在河口生态系统中占据着极重要的位置,在复杂的食物网中处于较高的营养层次,是主要的消费者。长江口区生物生产力高,饵料丰富,栖息着种类繁多、数量丰盛的鱼类,不仅是重要的河口渔场,而且是多种鱼类觅食、繁殖,幼体育肥、庇护的场所,又是数种洄游鱼类进出的通道,因此对鱼类资源的补充及对邻近水域其他渔场(舟山、吕四等渔场)的形成具有特殊意义。 河口是长江的终端,是整个长江流域大系统的一个重要子系统。长江流域大规模开发建设所引起的一系列变化都可能会影响到河口及近海水域,影响河口区生态系统的结构与功能,这种影响可以在鱼类群聚的数量和结构上很快地反应出来;同时,河口区生态环境的变化也会向内、向外影响长江和近海。因此研究长江口鱼类群聚的数量、结构特点及变化规律,将为长江口生态系统的进一步研究,为该水域的环境评价,监测和预估,为鱼类资源的管理等提供基本资料,具有重要的理论和实践意义。 对河口鱼类群聚的研究,近年来受到国内外学者的极大重视,它已成为河口生态系统研究的重要组成部分。近十几年来特别注重应用于生态环境的评价和监测( Hillman et al.,1977; McErlean et al.,1973)。我国对河口鱼类群聚的研究起步较晚,但正日益受到重视。费鸿年等(1981)和杨纪明等曾分别对珠江口及邻近水域和黄河口的鱼类群聚特性进行了研究。王幼槐(1984)、李星颉(1985)、郁尧山(1986)、赵利华和张国祥(1985)等对长江口及邻近水域的鱼类群聚进行过研究。本文对长江口区最主要、最敏感的部分——半咸水区的鱼类群聚的数量、组成、结构特点及其季节变化规律作了较详尽的描述和探讨,力求反映长江河口区鱼类的基本特征和概貌,提供进一步研究的本底资料。     

中国北方大陆下的地幔热柱与岩石圈运动

本文首次提出中国北方大陆下存在一个地幔热柱的论证,并提出亚热柱(sub—plume)的新概念。热柱的中心与边缘部分的隙间熔浆分别为苦橄质玄武岩与碱性玄武岩。在渐新世到中新世约18.4 Ma内,北方大陆以3.26cm/a的速率向东南飘移了约600km,使日本海、渤海—华北平原等脱离热柱。导致晚第三纪日本海扩张的停止,渤海—华北平原等早第三纪火山喷发的突然中止。火山喷发期间,在热柱头部若干个亚热柱的形成,好似若干个“铆钉”穿入岩石圈,有效地阻止了岩石圈的飘移(这时的飘移速率只有0.05cm/a),我们把火山喷发称为固定岩石圈的“铆钉效应”。     

Kinematics and timing of continental block deformation from margins to interiors

During the deformation of continental blocks, the magnitude of tectonic stress generally decreases with increasing distance from the margin of the block. However, the timing and kinematics of stress transmission from the margins to the interiors of continents are poorly resolved, even though this information is critical to our understanding of the dynamics of continental deformation. Here, we present a case study of Mesozoic deformation of the North China Craton (NCC). Field investigations of Mesozoic thrust faults and folds, granitic intrusions and dykes, combined with zircon SHRIMP and LA–ICP–MS dating and muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages, reveal the age of the NE–SW‐trending tectonic belts as ~180–155 Ma, where the deformation of the craton margin occurred 10–20 Ma earlier than that of the craton's interior. Although the kinematics of deformation are similar for the interior and the margin of the NCC, strain decreases with increasing distance from the margin. Notably, the bulk of the strain in the cratonic interior was focused in zones of pre‐existing weakness. Overall, we determined that the NCC deformed under conditions of uniaxial compression, a conclusion that is compatible with simple rheological models, and that the stress magnitude attained in the cratonic interior was much less than that along its margin.     

Nitrate in groundwater of China: Sources and driving forces

Identifying the sources of reactive nitrogen (N) and quantifying their contributions to groundwater nitrate concentrations are critical to understanding the dynamics of groundwater nitrate contamination. Here we assessed groundwater nitrate contamination in China using literature analysis and N balance calculation in coupled human and natural systems. The source appointment via N balance was well validated by field data via literature analysis. Nitrate was detected in 96% of groundwater samples based on a common detection threshold of 0.2 mg N L^?1, and 28% of groundwater samples exceeded WHO's maximum contaminant level (10 mg N L^?1). Groundwater nitrate concentrations were the highest beneath industrial land (median: 34.6 mg N L^?1), followed by urban land (10.2 mg N L^?1), cropland (4.8 mg N L^?1), and rural human settlement (4.0 mg N L^?1), with the lowest found beneath natural land (0.8 mg N L^?1). During the period 1980–2008, total reactive N leakage to groundwater increased about 1.5 times, from 2.0 to 5.0 Tg N year^?1, in China. Despite that the contribution of cropland to the total amount of reactive N leakage to groundwater was reduced from 50 to 40% during the past three decades, cropland still was the single largest source, while the contribution from landfill rapidly increased from 10 to 34%. High reactive N leakage mainly occurred in relatively developed agricultural or urbanized regions with a large population. The amount of reactive N leakage to groundwater was mainly driven by anthropogenic factors (population, gross domestic product, urbanization rate and land use type). We constructed a high resolution map of reactive N source appointment and this could be the basis for future modeling of groundwater nitrate dynamics and for policy development on mitigation of groundwater contamination.     

2006年9月秭归泄滩极微震群初步研究

2006年 9月17～22日在秭归泄滩镇西侧发生了一次极微震群活动,其中最大地震为9月20日21时10分 ML1.8级.分析结果表明:本次震群的震中主要集中于泄滩镇老石门村至老泄滩一线,震源深度为海平面以上0.5 km范围内,为正倾滑机制解;该震群频谱最佳频率主要集中在2 Hz左右,初步推断该震群为地表层重力作用下矿塌型地震并伴有几次浅层微滑坡.     

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