581型微震仪設計和試驗結果

1.前言在地方性微弱地震的观測中,通常总是采用高灵敏度电流計記录地震仪借照相紙感光方法进行記录。但是采用电流計記录方法有它的弱点:首先,仪器的放大特性,在向更高的放大倍数,較寬的頻率特性方向的改善,受到了种种技术条件（如磁鋼強度等）的限制。其次,在高灵敏度电流計記录地震仪中,摆与电流計間的耦合系数口σ²不得不做得很大,因之无論在仪器的理論分析或实际測定它的工作常数,都增加了困难。     

Cold Thermal Anomalous Structure within Lower Mantle and Its Geodynamic Implications

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｔｈｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｈａｓａｐｒｏ ｆｏｕｎｄｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｄｙｎａｍｉｃｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｔｈ .Ｉｎｇｅｎｅｒａｌ,ｔｈｅｃｒｕｓｔａｌａｎｄｌｉｔｈｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｔｅｍ ｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｆｉｅｌｄｉｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｒｍａｌｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｈｅａ…     

A verification of two shear velocity equations for the wind-wave interaction in a lake environment

Under growing wind-wave conditions the shear velocity,u _*, over the water surface equalsg ² H _s ² B _a ² C _p ³ , whereg is the gravitational acceleration,H _s is the significant wave height,B _a is a constant, andC _p is the wave celerity. From an independent field experiment in a lake environment which provided all three parameters (u _*,H _s , andC _p ), the value ofB _a is found to be 0.89, which is slightly lower than but consistent (within 20%) with the literature value between 0.90 and 1.06 obtained from an oceanic environment. Since thisu _* equation does not include the wind speed,U ₁₀, anotheru _* formulation withU ₁₀ in addition to the wave information is also evaluated. It is shown that the latter equation which includesU ₁₀ is superior to the former withoutU ₁₀.     

An application of Boussinesq equations to Bragg reflection of irregular waves

A numerical model based on the second-order fully nonlinear Boussinesq equations of Wei et al. [1995. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 121 (5), 251-263] is developed to simulate the Bragg reflection of both regular and irregular surface waves scattered by submerged bars. Particularly for incident regular waves, the computed results are observed to agree very well with the existing experimental data as presented by Davies and Heathershaw [1984. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 144, 419-446] and Kirby and Anton [1990. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, New York, pp. 757–768). In the case of incident irregular waves, the simulated results reveal that the distribution of Bragg reflection from irregular waves becomes more flat than that of regular waves. Due to lack of experimental data, the numerical results for incident irregular waves are compared with those of the evolution equation of the mild-slope equation [Hsu et al., 2002 Proceedings of the 24th Ocean Engineering Conference in Taiwan, pp. 70–77 (in Chinese)]. In addition, several parameters such as the number of bars, the relative height of bars and the spacing of bars affecting Bragg reflection are also discussed.     

The RIDE model: an enhanced computer program for wave transformation

A wave transformation model (RIDE) was enhanced to include the process of wave breaking energy dissipation in addition to water wave refraction, diffraction, reflection, shoaling, bottom friction, and harbor resonance. The Gaussian Elimination with partial Pivoting (GEP) method for a banded matrix equation and a newly developed bookkeeping procedure were used to solve the elliptic equation. Because the bookkeeping procedure changes the large computer memory requirements into a large hard-disk-size requirement with a minimum number of disk I/O, the simple and robust GEP method can be used in personal computers to handle realistic applications. The computing time is roughly proportional to N^1.7, where N is the number of grid points in the computing domain. Because the GEP method is capable of solving many wave conditions together (limited by having the same wave period, no bottom friction and no breaking), this model is very efficient compared to iteration methods when simulating some of the wave transformation process.     

Three‐dimensional hydrodynamic and salinity transport modelling of Danshuei River estuarine system and adjacent coastal sea,Taiwan

A three‐dimensional, time‐dependent hydrodynamic and salinity model was applied to the Danshuei River estuarine system and adjacent coastal sea in Taiwan. The model forcing functions consist of tidal elevations along the open boundary and freshwater flows from the main stem and tributaries in the Danshuei River system. The bottom roughness height was calibrated and verified with model simulation of barotropic flow, and the turbulent diffusivities were calibrated through comparison of time‐series of salinity distributions. The overall model verification was achieved with comparisons of residual current and salinity distribution. The model simulation results are in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to investigate the tidal current, residual current, and salinity patterns under the low freshwater flow condition in the modelling domain. The results reveal that the extensive intrusion of saline water imposes a significant baroclinic forcing and induces a strong residual circulation in the estuary. The downriver net velocity in the upper layer increases seaward despite the enlargement of the river cross‐section in that direction. Strong residual circulation can be found near the Kuan‐Du station. This may be the result of the deep bathymetric features there. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.