Microhabitat effect on iron distribution and transfer in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carex pseudocuraica</Emphasis> in Sanjiang Plain Wetlands

Ten clonal units of Carex pseudocuraica growing in four different microhabitats (perennial flooded ditch water, perennial flooded ditch sediment, seasonal flooded ditch sediment and perennial flooded soil) of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, were collected randomly for phenotypic plasticity analysis. Iron content, chemical and physical properties of substrates and the total Fe of nine plant modules were measured as well. The results show that the performance of the C. pseudocuraica is affected by the microhabitat, with the greatest performance score in perennial flooded ditch water, and the lowest in perennial flooded soil. The biomass allocation indexes indicate that much more mass is allocated to stems and roots to expand colonization area. The distribution of the total Fe in plant modules appears as pyramids from the tip to the root, while marked differences are observed in the distribution proportion of stems, tillering nodes and roots that are allometrically growing. Iron transfer from substrates to the plant is mainly controlled by the substrate type. The differences of iron distribution and transfer in the plant in different microhabitats are attributed to the iron contents of the substrates as well as the phenotypic plasticity of the plant.     

基于A-star算法的矿井事故救援研究

针对井下不同形状巷道几何空间特征,确立以空间点、线、面为基本图元,以巷道中心线作为三维模型构建的基础框架,建立巷道三维模型。采用启发式路径搜索A-star算法,实现了应急救援路线智能快速选择。实践证明,该方法对于矿井事故定位和救援具有一定的实用性。     

隧道衬砌厚度不足的健康判据试验研究

针对目前隧道健康诊断指标判据不统一的现状,采用室内相似模型试验,结合实际工程实例,研究了隧道支护结构衬砌减薄状态下围岩与支护结构破坏规律与极限承载能力,得出了隧道支护结构在相应的受力状态下健康状态判据。结果表明：隧道衬砌支护结构的位移特征以拱肩的压入和拱顶的挤出为主,随着拱顶衬砌支护结构减薄量的增加,支护结构衬砌与围岩之间的接触应力逐渐减小,结构的承载能力逐渐下降,隧道拱顶部位的位移增加,其柔性逐渐增大,隧道拱顶内侧被压溃,外侧受到拉力作用而开裂,随后隧道拱腰和边墙出现裂纹,最后逐渐扩展贯通;隧道承载力曲线呈现明显的“S”型,据此可以划分为承载力缓慢退化阶段、快速退化阶段和退化完成阶段,相对应的阶段可以划分为隧道结构的健康等级与级别,为工程应用提供了参考依据     

隧道爆破开挖围岩动力损伤效应数值模拟

采用数值模拟技术预估岩体开裂深度及爆破损伤影响范围对工程设计可以起到事先指导作用,对施工安全具有重大意义,其中科学的、合理的损伤模型及迭代计算方法是关键。基于FLAC3D程序的用户自定义本构模块,将考虑累积应变和荷载作用时间的Yang-Liu率相关动力损伤模型与Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构进行耦合,将围岩破坏过程中的损伤特性反映在荷载增量迭代计算中,形成了弹塑性动力损伤本构模型,详细推导了损伤应力修正迭代计算方法。对一圆形隧道爆破开挖进行模拟,探讨了爆破诱发的质点振动衰减特征及围岩损伤分布规律。分析结果表明,爆破产生的质点振动速度峰值与其所造成的损伤具有很好的相关性。该爆破损伤模型及模拟方法可以为类似工程提供一定参考     

开挖条件下含水平砂土夹层边坡破坏模式研究

工程中经常遇到边坡中含有夹层的情况,对含夹层边坡的稳定性研究很有意义。目前的研究多着重于含夹层岩质边坡的稳定性,对土质边坡涉及较少,尚无系统的试验分析。开挖条件下含夹层土质边坡更容易发生破坏,对其破坏模式的正确认知有助于对其稳定性进行合理的安全评价。进行了含水平砂土夹层边坡开挖的离心模型试验,夹层位于边坡中部。通过与边界和试验条件相同的素土边坡进行对比,分析了中部夹砂层边坡开挖后的破坏模式。试验结果表明,中部砂土夹层的存在降低了边坡在开挖后的稳定性,且其下边界是边坡破坏的薄弱控制面     

深埋隧洞爆破开挖扰动损伤效应的数值模拟

爆破开挖扰动是深埋隧洞损伤区孕育及演化的重要影响因素。根据隧洞岩体钻爆开挖过程分析了爆炸荷载及开挖荷载瞬态卸荷对岩体的扰动作用,基于LS-DYNA动力有限元程序,提出了利用施加节点反力模拟待开挖隧洞岩体的约束作用,通过控制节点反力的变化过程以模拟开挖荷载瞬态卸荷,采用爆炸荷载变化曲线模拟爆炸作用过程的爆破开挖扰动数值模拟方法,并利用该方法模拟分析了爆破开挖扰动对围岩的损伤效应,结果表明,应力重分布对围岩损伤最大,隧洞围岩损伤区主要由围岩初始应力重分布所导致,爆炸荷载作用将增大围岩损伤区范围,考虑开挖荷载瞬态卸荷作用的围岩损伤区最大,且地应力越高,开挖荷载瞬态卸荷作用对围岩的损伤效应越显著     

岩石爆破过程S波的产生机制分析

全面总结、分析了岩石爆破过程S波的产生机制,表明短柱状药包、炮孔周围岩体的开裂与破碎以及装药偏离球形或柱形空腔中心,均可诱发S波,并且诱发S波的幅值可超过P波;P波传播过程与岩体界面的相互作用,可产生次生的S波（透、反射SV波）。在此基础上,就爆破振动场模拟方法与计算模型选择中如何体现S波的产生机制方面提出了建议     

锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖损伤特性研究

爆破开挖导致的围岩损伤是围岩稳定性的重要影响因素。采用数值分析及现场检测的方法研究了锦屏二级引水隧洞岩体爆破开挖损伤特性。数值模拟结果表明,引水隧洞开挖引起的围岩应力重分布是围岩损伤的主要原因,爆炸荷载和应力重分布的耦合作用将增大引水隧洞围岩损伤区范围,增大的损伤深度可达1.5 m,考虑开挖荷载瞬态卸荷动态损伤效应的损伤区范围最大,较单独考虑围岩地应力准静态重分布所导致的损伤深度可增大1.9 m,平均损伤深度增大近1倍。现场检测成果较好地验证了数值模拟结果,表明爆破开挖可显著增大围岩的损伤范围。锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞开挖过程中,不可忽视爆炸荷载及开挖瞬态卸荷对围岩的损伤作用。     

Estimation and spatial interpolation of rainfall intensity distribution from the effective rate of precipitation

Great emphasis is being placed on the use of rainfall intensity data at short time intervals to accurately model the dynamics of modern cropping systems, runoff, erosion and pollutant transport. However, rainfall data are often readily available at more aggregated level of time scale and measurements of rainfall intensity at higher resolution are available only at limited stations. A distribution approach is a good compromise between fine-scale (e.g. sub-daily) models and coarse-scale (e.g. daily) rainfall data, because the use of rainfall intensity distribution could substantially improve hydrological models. In the distribution approach, the cumulative distribution function of rainfall intensity is employed to represent the effect of the within-day temporal variability of rainfall and a disaggregation model (i.e. a model disaggregates time series into sets of higher solution) is used to estimate distribution parameters from the daily average effective precipitation. Scaling problems in hydrologic applications often occur at both space and time dimensions and temporal scaling effects on hydrologic responses may exhibit great spatial variability. Transferring disaggregation model parameter values from one station to an arbitrary position is prone to error, thus a satisfactory alternative is to employ spatial interpolation between stations. This study investigates the spatial interpolation of the probability-based disaggregation model. Rainfall intensity observations are represented as a two-parameter lognormal distribution and methods are developed to estimate distribution parameters from either high-resolution rainfall data or coarse-scale precipitation information such as effective intensity rates. Model parameters are spatially interpolated by kriging to obtain the rainfall intensity distribution when only daily totals are available. The method was applied to 56 pluviometer stations in Western Australia. Two goodness-of-fit statistics were used to evaluate the skill—daily and quantile coefficient of efficiency between simulations and observations. Simulations based on cross-validation show that kriging performed better than other two spatial interpolation approaches (B-splines and thin-plate splines).     

Conductivity structure and rheological property of lithosphere in Southern Tibet inferred from super-broadband magnetotelluric sounding

To understand deep lithosphere structure beneath the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau more comprehensively and objectively and to explore important scientific issues,such as characteristics of plateau lithospheric deformation,state of strain,thermal structure,plate (or terrane) movement,and crust-mantle rheology,it is necessary to research the variation of crust-mantle electrical structure in the east-west direction in every geological unit.For this purpose,six super-broadband magnetotelluric (MT) sounding profiles ha...