藏北龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带发现晚石炭世—早二叠世洋岛型岩石组合

天泉群岛出露于龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带的中西段,也是目前该缝合带上所发现的第一套洋岛型岩石组合。通过野外踏勘、剖面测制等对天泉群岛进行了较为详细的研究,结果显示,天泉群岛由9个孤立、岩石组合不同的洋岛组成,其中独泉沟洋岛、屏风岭洋岛的洋岛组分齐全,见玄武岩、灰岩、砾岩、硅质岩等,其他洋岛的洋岛组分不全。天泉群岛与展金组复理石沉积为整合接触,表明其形成时代为晚石炭世—早二叠世。天泉群岛的厘定,说明龙木错—双湖—澜沧江大洋在晚石炭世—早二叠世仍具有成熟的洋壳。该项研究进一步丰富了龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带的演化内容,为反演区域地质演化历史提供了依据。     

华蓥山地区4口井水位潮汐动态特征研究

本文选择沿华蓥山断裂带分布的荣昌等4口观测井,利用Baytap-G潮汐分析方法,计算各井水位和气压及理论固体潮的潮汐振幅谱,比较其潮汐频谱差异,通过对主要潮汐分波振幅的回归计算定量分析各井水位受气压潮和固体潮影响的大小。基于对井水位正常动态的认识,选择各井水位潮汐的主要分波,对井水位长时序数据进行分析计算,提取水位潮汐响应特征参数(振幅比和相位差),进而探讨特征参数动态变化特征。最后对井水位受气压潮和固体潮影响的差异原因进行了初步探讨。结果表明,荣昌井水位主要受气压作用的影响,北碚、大足、南溪三口井水位受固体潮-气压潮综合作用的影响,而荣昌井水位只受气压潮影响可能与该井所处含水层裂隙发育且该井未下设止水套管有关;荣昌井P_1S_1K_1波和南溪井M_2波振幅比和相位差在几次大震后没有明显变化,说明地震波没有使井孔与含水层之间的水流交换发生显著变化,而北碚井和大足井M_2波振幅比和相位差分别在汶川和芦山地震时发生变化,反映了地震波的疏通影响。     

一次暴雨过程受不同系统影响的动力热力场结构特征

本文使用常规观测资料、卫星云图、自动气象站降水量以及0.25°×0.25°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对出现在东北地区北部受不同系统影响的连续2d暴雨过程的热力和动力场结构特征展开研究。结果表明:24日为暖锋锋生暴雨,暴雨范围大;25日为台风暴雨,暴雨出现在台风移动路径上,为狭长带状。暴雨是由MCS活动造成的,每次短时强降水均与TBB低值中心相对应,台风倒槽内的MCS强度比暖锋云系内的MCS弱,但是降水强度却更大。台风安比携带大量暖湿空气,其东侧的低空急流向北输送热量和水汽,水汽辐合集中在边界层内,台风暴雨的水汽辐合强度比暖锋暴雨更强烈,所造成的雨强更大。暖锋暴雨期间,小兴安岭迎风坡地形的辐合抬升作用明显;高层强辐散及地形辐合抬升作用对暴雨有较大贡献。台风暴雨期间,低空辐合,特别是水汽辐合作用对暴雨有较大贡献;辐合区位于台风倒槽附近,倒槽表现为冷锋性质。     

论中国国家公园地质考察与评价——以浙江丽水百山祖国家公园为例

鉴于保护地调查评价历史与目标,国家公园地质考察评价基准是地质学关于地球的“时间、空间、演化”知识的发现路径,既识别国家公园候选地的国家符合性地质事件,又识别国家公园自然性、独特性、优美性、多样性、整体性的地质机制,提供国家公园最重要的自然生态系统与自然景观保育管理的地质学支撑。浙江丽水百山祖国家公园符合性的地质事件是公园发现的4.0~4.2 Ga冥古宙陆核物质的锆石晶体、中生代岛弧陆盆火山酸性火山岩系列和从流纹岩山岭到花岗岩—变质岩谷底的“峰—岭—丘—谷（盆）”的亚热带滨海山地地貌结构,地貌结构发育演化是百山祖公园最重要的自然生态系统、区域性流域水源地、独特山水景观的形成基础。保护百祖山公园地貌结构和过程的完整性与真实性是确保其重要自然生态系统自然演化和生态服务产品持续供给的基础。     

新疆北部石炭系构造背景及演化

新疆北部石炭系洋陆转换过渡期,经历了以下两个演化阶段：早石炭世碰撞间歇期伸展－残留洋闭合、陆-陆碰撞阶段和晚石炭世碰撞期后伸展垮塌－板内变形作用阶段。根据石炭世的板块构造活动背景分析,结合区域构造－沉积岩石组合,初步拟定新疆北部早石炭世原型盆地类型主要包括5类：残留洋、陆缘坳陷、裂陷槽、裂谷、陆内坳陷;晚石炭世原型盆地可简要分为３类：裂陷槽、陆缘坳陷、裂谷或断陷。根据上石炭统原型盆地后期叠加改造特征,将新疆北部现今保存在覆盖区内的上石炭统残留盆地及其叠加改造类型分为两大类六亚类：首先根据是否存在二叠系分为继承型和叠加型两大类,然后再根据中生代及新生代盆地叠加特征分为五亚类,分别为连续继承型、早继承早叠加型、早继承晚叠加型、三叠系叠加型、侏罗系叠加型及白垩系叠加型。     

湿地旅游可持续发展研究

湿地以其独具特色的自然和文化景观为湿地旅游提供了有利条件。本文在可持续发展思想的基础上提出了湿地旅游这一概念，分析了湿地旅游发展与湿地环境保护之间的关系；针对湿地生物多样性、景观多样性、文化多样性等特点对湿地的旅游价值作了进一步的探讨，提出了湿地旅游可持续发展的几点对策。     

An enhanced constitutive model for crushable granular materials

Studies in the past have tried to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of granular materials by proposing constitutive relations based on a common assumption that model parameters and parameters describing the properties, including gradation of individual grains are inevitably linked. However successful these models have proved to be, they cannot account for the changes in granular assembly behaviour if the grains start to break during mechanical loading. This paper proposes to analyse the relation between grading change and the mechanical behaviour of granular assembly. A way to model the influence of grain breakage is to use a critical state‐based model. The influence of the amount of grain breakage during loading, depending on the individual grain strength and size distribution, can be introduced into constitutive relations by means of a new parameter that controls the evolution of critical state with changes in grain size distribution. Experimental data from a calcareous sand, a quartz sand, and a rockfill material were compared with numerical results and good‐quality simulations were obtained. The main consequences of grain breakage are increased compressibility and a gradual dilatancy disappearance in the granular material. The critical state concept is also enriched by considering its overall relation to the evolution of the granular material. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

OSL signal resetting in young deposits determined with a pulsed photon‐stimulated luminescence (PPSL) unit

Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) is a technique that can be used for dating geological materials deposited within the last half‐million years, including sediments transported by air, water or gravity, as well as rocks heated at high temperatures. Recently, several studies have shown that OSL can also provide information on sediment transport. The pulsed photon‐stimulated luminescence (PPSL) unit (also known as a portable OSL reader) developed by the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre is an instrument designed to read luminescence signals from bulk (untreated) sediment samples comprising poly‐mineral and poly‐grain fractions. In this contribution, we evaluate the potential of the PPSL unit to assess the degree of OSL signal resetting in 27 young deposits (<2 ka) transported by different geomorphic agents in volcanic, coastal and fluvial depositional settings located in Mexico. Our results are in agreement with previous findings that used the Risø TL/OSL reader, confirming that sediments transported by debrisflows contain the highest inherited luminesce signals. Infrared stimulation (IRSL) values in volcanic ash, lavas, and sand beach and dune deposits exhibit low scatter. However, with blue stimulation (BLSL) these samples reveal a large degree of scattering, attributed to charge transfer in the case of the coastal deposits and to the low sensitivity of quartz in the case of volcanic material. The luminescence signals of fluvial sediments exhibit a highly scattered distribution in both IRSL and BLSL. We conclude that the use of a PPSL unit is a simple approach to assess the degree of OSL signal resetting in deposits sourced from different geological environments. This research contributes to previous studies that have investigated new applications of the PPSL unit to assist in OSL dating of geological materials.     

填方边坡稳定性影响因素敏感性分析

以重庆某核电场地填方边坡为例,采用均匀试验设计法安排试验,运用回归分析法对比分析各个因素对边坡稳定性影响的差异,得到各影响因素对填方边坡稳定的敏感性.影响边坡稳定性的主要因素为填料内摩擦角￠、边坡坡度α和地下水水位Hw.根据各影响因素对边坡稳定性的敏感性大小,填方边坡的设计和施工中可采取更具针对性的工程措施.     

Dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) dynamics in agricultural field drains and headwater streams in an intensive arable catchment

Indirect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions produced by nitrogen (N) leaching into surface water and groundwater bodies are poorly understood in comparison to direct N₂O emissions from soils. In this study, dissolved N₂O concentrations were measured weekly in both lowland headwater streams and subsurface agricultural field drain discharges over a 2‐year period (2013–2015) in an intensive arable catchment, Norfolk, UK. All field drain and stream water samples were found to have dissolved N₂O concentrations higher than the water–air equilibrium concentration, illustrating that all sites were acting as a net source of N₂O emissions to the atmosphere. Soil texture was found to significantly influence field drain N₂O dynamics, with mean concentrations from drains in clay loam soils (5.3 μg N L^?1) being greater than drains in sandy loam soils (4.0 μg N L^?1). Soil texture also impacted upon the relationships between field drain N₂O concentrations and other water quality parameters (pH, flow rate, and nitrate (NO₃) and nitrite (NO₂) concentrations), highlighting possible differences in N₂O production mechanisms in different soil types. Catchment antecedent moisture conditions influenced the storm event mobilisation of N₂O in both field drains and streams, with the greatest concentration increases recorded during precipitation events preceded by prolonged wet conditions. N₂O concentrations also varied seasonally, with the lowest mean concentrations typically occurring during the summer months (JJA). Nitrogen fertiliser application rates and different soil inversion regimes were found to have no effect on dissolved N₂O concentrations, whereas higher N₂O concentrations recorded in field drains under a winter cover crop compared to fallow fields revealed cover crops are an ineffective greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy. Overall, this study highlights the complex interactions governing the dynamics of dissolved N₂O concentrations in field drains and headwater streams in a lowland intensive agricultural catchment.