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71.
Michel Faure Frederic Laleve Yoshihide Gusokujima Jean-Toshimichi Iiyama Jean-Paul Cadet 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1986,77(3-4)
The structures and microstructures of the Takanuki and Hitachi areas in the Abukuma massif, Northeast Japan are described. In the Takanuki area, the basic Gosaisho series thrusts the pelitic Takanuki ones in a HP metamorphic context. The nappe structure is afterwards refolded by a migmatitic dome: the Samegawa dome, in a HT metamorphic context. Microtectonic analysis shows that the nappe was transported from south to north along the stretching lineation. Geometric features suggest that the Samegawa dome was emplaced by diapirism. The role of the thrust surface as an instable interface promoting the doming is emphasized. The Hitachi metamorphic rocks composed of basic schist, limestone and sandstone shist thrust the pelitic rocks of the western Hitachi gneisses. As for the Takanuki area, the thrusting occurred in ductile synmetamorphic conditions with a north or northeastward displacement. Owing to lithologic, petrologic, structural similitudes, the nappe of the Hitachi metamorphic rocks and that of the Gosaisho series are unified into a unique nappe with a northward motion. The emplacement occurred between late Permian and late Cretaceous likely in late Jurassic. The allochthonous units of the Abukuma massif are correlated with the Green Schist nappe described in Southwest Japan, since they are surrounded by the same zones, namely the Tanba zone and the Kurosegawa-Kitakami one. Moreover both in Southwest and Northeast Japan, the emplacement of the Green Schist nappes is due to a shear deformation inducing rotational structures along the stretching lineation indicating the same sense of transport, that is eastward in Southwest Japan and northward in Northeast Japan, owing to the late bending of the Japanese Islands. The late Jurassic nappe structure is obliquely overprinted by a HT metamorphism, Ryoke in Southwest Japan, Abukuma in Northeast Japan, and afterwards cut by late faults as the Median Tectonic Line or the Tanakura fault, giving rise to the present complexity. 相似文献
72.
This paper investigates the non-linear inelastic seismic response of existing single-span simply supported bridges having bearings which can remain stable and slide after their anchor bolts are ruptured. A simplified equivalent model is developed for the inelastic analysis of these single-span simply supported bridges. Non-linear inelastic time-history analyses are conducted for various acceleration inputs. It is found that narrower bridges with longer spans may have considerable sliding displacements and fall off their supports if adequate seat width is not provided. It is also found that for the same ratio of friction coefficient to peak ground acceleration, the sliding displacement of a structural system is linearly proportional to the amplitude of the peak ground acceleration beyond a certain threshold value. This is also demonstrated analytically from an energy approach point of view. The distribution of the energy content of an earthquake, which is related to its velocity time history, can be an indication of the propensity of an earthquake to cause high sliding displacements. Ground motions with high frequency content or high Ap/Vp ratio may produce smaller sliding displacements than ground motions with relatively lower Ap/Vp ratios. 相似文献
73.
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75.
Recent improvements in both Infra-red spectroscopy and equilibrator techniqueshave allowed to determine, for the first time, pCO2using simultaneously and continuously both the direct and indirect methods in an estuary where pCO2 values range from 500 to 8500 atm and salinity from 0 to 30. Our results show that both methods are in excellent agreement in the wholeestuary (r2 = 0.999, n = 1075, p < 0.0001). Thus, the NBS (US National Bureau of Standards) scale, although inadequate for seawater samples, is appropriate for estuarine waters and can be applied with confidence to calculate pCO2. 相似文献
76.
Coseismic and post-seismic signatures of the Sumatra 2004 December and 2005 March earthquakes in GRACE satellite gravity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Isabelle Panet Valentin Mikhailov Michel Diament Fred Pollitz Geoffrey King Olivier de Viron Matthias Holschneider Richard Biancale Jean-Michel Lemoine 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(1):177-190
The GRACE satellite mission has been measuring the Earth's gravity field and its temporal variations since 2002 April. Although these variations are mainly due to mass transfer within the geofluid envelops, they also result from mass displacements associated with phenomena including glacial isostatic adjustment and earthquakes. However, these last contributions are difficult to isolate because of the presence of noise and of geofluid signals, and because of GRACE's coarse spatial resolution (>400 km half-wavelength). In this paper, we show that a wavelet analysis on the sphere helps to retrieve earthquake signatures from GRACE geoid products. Using a wavelet analysis of GRACE geoids products, we show that the geoid variations caused by the 2004 December ( M w = 9.2) and 2005 March ( M w = 8.7) Sumatra earthquakes can be detected. At GRACE resolution, the 2004 December earthquake produced a strong coseismic decrease of the gravity field in the Andaman Sea, followed by relaxation in the area affected by both the Andaman 2004 and the Nias 2005 earthquakes. We find two characteristic timescales for the relaxation, with a fast variation occurring in the vicinity of the Central Andaman ridge. We discuss our coseismic observations in terms of density changes of crustal and upper-mantle rocks, and of the vertical displacements in the Andaman Sea. We interpret the post-seismic signal in terms of the viscoelastic response of the Earth's mantle. The transient component of the relaxation may indicate the presence of hot, viscous material beneath the active Central Andaman Basin. 相似文献
77.
Reconstructing spatio-temporal patterns of debris-flow activity using dendrogeomorphological methods 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Michelle Bollschweiler Markus Stoffel Melanie Ehmisch Michel Monbaron 《Geomorphology》2007,87(4):337-351
Debris flows are a major threat in many parts of the Alps, where they repeatedly cause severe damage to infrastructure and transportation corridors or even loss of life. Nonetheless, the spatial behavior of past debris-flow activity and the analysis of areas affected during particular events have been widely neglected in reconstructions so far. It was therefore the purpose of this study to reconstruct spatio-temporal patterns of past debris flows on a forested cone in the Swiss Alps (Bruchji torrent, Blatten, Valais). The analysis of past events was based on a detailed geomorphic map (1:1000) of all forms related to debris flows as well as on tree-ring series from 401 heavily affected trees (Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growing in or next to deposits. The samples were analyzed and growth disturbances related to debris-flow activity assessed, such as tangential rows of traumatic resin ducts, the onset of reaction wood or abrupt growth suppression or release.In total, 960 growth disturbances were identified in the samples, belonging to 40 different event years between A.D. 1867 and 2005. In addition, the coupling of tree-ring data with the geomorphic map allowed reconstruction of eleven formerly active channels and spatial representation of individual events. Based on our results we believe that before 1935, debris flows preferentially used those channels located in the western part of the cone, whereas the eastern part of the cone remained widely unaffected. The spatial representation of the 40 events also allowed identification of five different spatial patterns for debris flows at the study site. 相似文献
78.
Laurent Millet Boris Vannière Valérie Verneaux Michel Magny Jean Robert Disnar Fatima Laggoun-Défarge Anne Véronique Walter-Simonnet Gilles Bossuet Elena Ortu Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(4):525-539
This study focuses on the response of lacustrine littoral chironomid communities to late glacial changes in limnological,
environmental and climate conditions in the Mediterranean context. Late glacial chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages,
organic petrography and geochemistry were analysed in a sediment core from the littoral zone of Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany,
Italy), where the lake-level fluctuations and the vegetation history have been previously reconstructed. Comparison of the
chironomid stratigraphy to other proxies (pollen assemblages, organic petrography and geochemistry, lake-level) and regional
climate reconstruction suggested the predominant influence of lake-level changes on the littoral chironomid fauna. The main
lowering events that occurred during the Oldest and the Younger Dryas were followed by higher proportions of taxa typical
of littoral habitats. A complementary study of organic matter suggested the indirect impact of lake-level on the chironomids
through changes in humic status and habitat characteristics, such as the type of substrate and aquatic macrophyte development.
Several chironomid taxa, such as Glyptotendipes, Microtendipes and Cricotopus type patens, were identified as possible indicators of low lake-level in the late glacial records. Nevertheless, this study suggested
that parallel analyses of organic matter and chironomid assemblages may be needed to circumvent misinterpretation of littoral
chironomid assemblage stratigraphy. There was a weak response of the chironomid assemblages to small lake-level lowerings
that corresponded to the Older Dryas and Preboreal oscillations. A higher level of determination, e.g. to the species group
level, may be necessary to increase the sensibility of the indicators to lake-level changes. 相似文献
79.
80.
We present observations of ground accelerations recorded at a small array close to the fault during the Düzce earthquake and its early aftershocks. The records show the strong spatial variability of ground acceleration over distances of only a few hundred metres. During the main shock, the peak horizontal acceleration values ranged from 0.3 to about 1.0 g at stations distant of 1.5 km only. We attribute this spatial variability to a fault zone site effect as peak ground acceleration steadily increases as the distance to the fault trace decreases. The spectral ratio between the ground motion recorded near the fault and the one outside the fault zone shows a shift of the spectral peak to lower frequencies with increasing peak accelerations. Such an observation suggests a non-linear behaviour of the fault zone due to the strong ground shaking. As much as a 45 per cent reduction in the shear wave velocity is necessary for the observed shifts. The opening of pre-existing cracks throughout the fault zone is the proposed mechanism to account for the observed shear wave reductions. The observation that elastic fault zone properties are soon recovered following episodes of large strains shows that cracks and fissures close rapidly after the strong shaking is over. 相似文献