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91.
Kamlesh P. Lulla Michael R. Helfert David L. Amsbury Victor S. Whitehead Cynthia A. Evans M. Justin Wilkinson 《国际地球制图》2013,28(1):69-80
Abstract Multi‐temporal ERS‐1 SAR data acquired over a large agricultural region in West Bengal was used to classify kharif crops like rice, jute and sugarcane. Rice crop grown under lowland management practice showed a temporal characteristic. The dynamic range of backscatter was highest for this crop in temporal SAR data. This was used to classify rice using temporal SAR data. Such temporal character was not observed for the other study crops, which may be due to the difference in cultivation practice and crop calendar. Significant increase in backscatter from the ploughed fields was used to derive information on onset and duration of land preparations. Synergistic use of optical remote sensing data and SAR data increased the separability of rice crop from homesteads and permanent vegetation classes. 相似文献
92.
Michael A. O'Neal 《国际地球制图》2013,28(4):315-325
Climatic interpretations of recent glacier fluctuations rely on ice-extent chronologies developed from lichenometric ages of Holocene landforms. However, lichenometry requires time- and resource-consuming field surveys, which limit our understanding of glacier chronologies, especially in remote locations. This study presents a rapid, coarse, a priori approach to predicting new field sites where lichenometry can be applied. Geologic, geographic, climatic, and landcover data were used in spatial and supervised classification analyses to identify areas in the Cascade Range of Washington and northern Oregon with similar environmental conditions to those where lichenometric dating techniques had previously been applied. These results focus the attention of researchers to only 1100 km2, or 3%, of the broader Cascade Range study area. Though this study concentrates on the utility of lichenometry for dating recent glacier activity in the Cascade Range, the screening method presented is easily translatable to a variety of geomorphic and environmental applications. 相似文献
93.
Abstract This paper deals with the spatial distribution and the temporal variability of snowfall in the most arid part of the Andes (18°‐ 28°S) during southern hemisphere winter (May‐September). As the official precipitation data is of poor quality, analyses were carried out by means of digital image processing techniques, using NOAA/AVHRR satellite‐data. Through analysis of 24 different snowfall events from six winters, a previously unknown spatial and temporal precipitation pattern in this remote and unexplored area was revealed. Snowfall is most abundant in the southernmost part of the research area and on the western side of the Andes, indicating the Pacific origin of the snowfall. Nevertheless, the typical snowfall pattern is modified during different periods of the winter. Three typical time periods could be defined and distinguished from one another. Each of these three periods is characterized by typical weather conditions (cold fronts and “cut‐offs “) leading to a distinct snowfall pattern. As this study is part of a broader paleoclimatic project, the results will serve as a basis for paleoclimatic reconstruction of past climate. Only by knowing the modern circulation and precipitation patterns is it possible to interpret paleoclimatic signals and archives found in the study area (e.g. paleosol, moraines) correctly. 相似文献
94.
Tissot's Indicatrix and regular grids have been used for assessing map projection accuracies. Despite their broad applicability for accuracy assessment, they have limitations in quantifying resampling errors caused by map projections. This is due to the structural uncertainty with regard to the placement and pattern of grids. It is also difficult to calculate the absolute amount of resampling error in each projection. As an alternative to traditional testing methods, the use of random points was investigated. Specifically, random point generation, resampling with spherical block search algorithms, resampling accuracy with a perfect grid, and resampling accuracy with eight projections were investigated and are discussed here. Eight global referencing methods were tested: the equal-area cylindrical, sinusoidal, Mollweide, Eckert IV, Hammer-Aitoff, interrupted Goode homolosine, integerized sinusoidal projections, and the equal area global gridding with a fixed latitudinal metric distance. The resampling accuracy with a perfect grid is about 75 percent. Results showed the sinusoidal and the integerized sinusoidal projections and equal-area global gridding to achieve the highest accuracies. 相似文献
95.
Graph theory is useful for analyzing time-dependent model parameters estimated from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data in the temporal domain. Plotting acquisition dates (epochs) as vertices and pair-wise interferometric combinations as edges defines an incidence graph. The edge-vertex incidence matrix and the normalized edge Laplacian matrix are factors in the covariance matrix for the pair-wise data. Using empirical measures of residual scatter in the pair-wise observations, we estimate the relative variance at each epoch by inverting the covariance of the pair-wise data. We evaluate the rank deficiency of the corresponding least-squares problem via the edge-vertex incidence matrix. We implement our method in a MATLAB software package called GraphTreeTA available on GitHub (https://github.com/feigl/gipht). We apply temporal adjustment to the data set described in Lu et al. (Geophys Res Solid Earth 110, 2005) at Okmok volcano, Alaska, which erupted most recently in 1997 and 2008. The data set contains 44 differential volumetric changes and uncertainties estimated from interferograms between 1997 and 2004. Estimates show that approximately half of the magma volume lost during the 1997 eruption was recovered by the summer of 2003. Between June 2002 and September 2003, the estimated rate of volumetric increase is \((6.2 \, \pm \, 0.6) \times 10^6~\mathrm{m}^3/\mathrm{year} \). Our preferred model provides a reasonable fit that is compatible with viscoelastic relaxation in the five years following the 1997 eruption. Although we demonstrate the approach using volumetric rates of change, our formulation in terms of incidence graphs applies to any quantity derived from pair-wise differences, such as range change, range gradient, or atmospheric delay. 相似文献
96.
Adaptive filtering of GOCE-derived gravity gradients of the disturbing potential in the context of the space-wise approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Filtering and signal processing techniques have been widely used in the processing of satellite gravity observations to reduce measurement noise and correlation errors. The parameters and types of filters used depend on the statistical and spectral properties of the signal under investigation. Filtering is usually applied in a non-real-time environment. The present work focuses on the implementation of an adaptive filtering technique to process satellite gravity gradiometry data for gravity field modeling. Adaptive filtering algorithms are commonly used in communication systems, noise and echo cancellation, and biomedical applications. Two independent studies have been performed to introduce adaptive signal processing techniques and test the performance of the least mean-squared (LMS) adaptive algorithm for filtering satellite measurements obtained by the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) mission. In the first study, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed in order to gain insights about the implementation of the LMS algorithm on data with spectral behavior close to that of real GOCE data. In the second study, the LMS algorithm is implemented on real GOCE data. Experiments are also performed to determine suitable filtering parameters. Only the four accurate components of the full GOCE gravity gradient tensor of the disturbing potential are used. The characteristics of the filtered gravity gradients are examined in the time and spectral domain. The obtained filtered GOCE gravity gradients show an agreement of 63–84 mEötvös (depending on the gravity gradient component), in terms of RMS error, when compared to the gravity gradients derived from the EGM2008 geopotential model. Spectral-domain analysis of the filtered gradients shows that the adaptive filters slightly suppress frequencies in the bandwidth of approximately 10–30 mHz. The limitations of the adaptive LMS algorithm are also discussed. The tested filtering algorithm can be connected to and employed in the first computational steps of the space-wise approach, where a time-wise Wiener filter is applied at the first stage of GOCE gravity gradient filtering. The results of this work can be extended to using other adaptive filtering algorithms, such as the recursive least-squares and recursive least-squares lattice filters. 相似文献
97.
This study aims to illustrate how remotely sensed oceanic variables and fishing operations data can be used to predict suitable habitat of fishery resources in Geographic Information System. We used sea surface height anomaly (SSHa), sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll concentration (CC), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and fishing depth as predictor variables. Fishery data of Indian squid (Loligo spp.) and catfish (Tachysurus spp.) for study period (1998–2004) were segregated randomly to create training and validation. Catch was normalized into Catch per unit Effort (kg h?1). Generalized additive modelling was performed on training data and then tested on validation data. Suitable ranges of SST, CC, SSHa and PAR for different species distributions were derived and integrated to predict their spatial distributions. Results indicated good match between predicted and actual catch. Monthly probability maps of predicted habitat areas coincide with high catch of the particular month for the study period. 相似文献
98.
The study area is located near the town of Filippoi, north of the city of Kavala in northern Greece, known from ancient times for its rich gold mines, situated inside hydrothermal alteration zones (Fe–Mn oxide minerals). A Very High-Resolution (0.5 m pixel size) image of Worldview-2 satellite was digitally enhanced, yielding target areas of potential ore existence and lineaments. Ground-truth that followed digital image processing, revealed abandoned ancient mines, slags and ore occurrences. Also, a number of lineaments delineated on the satellite image were verified as faults. 相似文献
99.
100.
Change of river channel and bank erosion of the burhi dihing river (assam), assessed using remote sensing data and gis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Burhi Dining river flows in a meandering course for about 220 km through alluvial plains of Assam including a short rocky
and hilly tract in between. Sequential changes in the position of banklines of the river due to consistent bank erosion have
been studied from Survey of India topographic maps of 1934 and 1972, and digital satellite data of 2001 and 2004 using GIS.
Two broad kinds of changes have been observed, e.g. alteration of direction of flow due to neck cut-off and progressive gradual
change of the meander bends that accounts for translational, lateral, rotational, extensional and other types of movement
of the meander bends. Study of bankline shift due to the bank erosion has been carried out for the periods 1934–1972, 1972–2001,
2001–2004 and 1934–2004 at 13 segments spaced at 5′ longitude interval (average 15 km) as the river course trends nearly east
to west. The amounts of the bank area lost due to erosion and gained due to sediment deposition are estimated separately.
The total area eroded in both banks during 1934–1972 was more (26.796 km2) as compared to sediment deposition (19.273 km2), whereas total sediment deposition was more (34.61 km2) during 1972-2001 as compared to erosion (23.152 km2). Erosion was again more in 2001–2004 (7.568 km2) as compared to sediment deposition (2.493 km2). During the entire period (1934–2004) of study the overall erosion on the both banks was 31.169 km2 and overall sediment deposition was 30.101 km2. The highest annual rates of bank erosion as well as bank building of the river are 21055.47 m2/km in 2001–2004 and 9665.81 m2/km in 1972-2001, respectively. Similarly the highest average annual rates of erosion as well as sediment deposition in both
banks are observed during 2001–2004 and 1972–2001, respectively. The hard rocks of the hilly tract situated in between result
in development of entrenched meandering and this tract has suffered minimum bank erosion. 相似文献