东太平洋海隆1.23°N~5.70°S区域洋脊玄武岩特征及岩浆作用探讨

东太平洋海隆洋脊玄武岩具有不同的类型。对1.23°N(EPR(A))、3.10°S(EPR(B))和5.70°S(EPR(C))3区域洋脊玄武岩元素地球化学分析发现,EPR(A)附近样品属于富集型玄武岩,其他2个区样品基本属于亏损型玄武岩。EPR(A)区附近洋脊玄武岩具有斜长石含量高、自形程度好、粒径大、高Al2O3、低TFeO和低MgO等特征;EPR(B)和EPR(C)区玄武岩整体上为亏损型,具有斜长石含量低、粒径小、高TFeO、高MgO等特征。EPR(A)区岩浆来源较浅,且在浅部岩浆房内经历了较为强烈的岩浆混合结晶作用,其混合作用有3个阶段。同时该区产生斜长石斑晶的堆积作用,喷出岩浆具有高黏度、低密度特征。与之相比,其他2个区域岩浆来源可能较深,并且所经历的低压岩浆混合作用期次可能较少。从岩相学及Sr和Eu元素含量特征来看,岩浆演化过程中经历了单斜辉石的高压分离作用,而斜长石在这一过程中很可能没有经历分离作用。     

Future changes of the terrestrial ecosystem based on a dynamic vegetation model driven with RCP8.5 climate projections from 19 GCMs

Future changes of terrestrial ecosystems due to changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate are subject to a large degree of uncertainty, especially for vegetation in the Tropics. Here, we evaluate the natural vegetation response to projected future changes using an improved version of a dynamic vegetation model (CLM-CN-DV) driven with climate change projections from 19 global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The simulated equilibrium vegetation distribution under historical climate (1981–2000) has been compared with that under the projected future climate (2081–2100) scenario for Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) to qualitatively assess how natural potential vegetation might change in the future. With one outlier excluded, the ensemble average of vegetation changes corresponding to climates of 18 GCMs shows a poleward shift of forests in northern Eurasia and North America, which is consistent with findings from previous studies. It also shows a general “upgrade” of vegetation type in the Tropics and most of the temperate zones, in the form of deciduous trees and shrubs taking over C3 grass in Europe and broadleaf deciduous trees taking over C4 grasses in Central Africa and the Amazon. LAI and NPP are projected to increase in the high latitudes, southeastern Asia, southeastern North America, and Central Africa. This results from CO₂ fertilization, enhanced water use efficiency, and in the extra-tropics warming. However, both LAI and NPP are projected to decrease in the Amazon due to drought. The competing impacts of climate change and CO₂ fertilization lead to large uncertainties in the projection of future vegetation changes in the Tropics.     

ANALYSIS OF CAUSATION OF ASYMMETRIC PRECIPITATION ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE TYPHOON DAMREY

Severe typhoon Damrey moved across Hainan Island from 00:00 UTC 25 September to 00:00 UTC 27 September in 2005 and gave rise to a significant rain process during its 48-h passage. The precipitation intensity on the southern part of the island is stronger than that on the northern, showing obvious asymmetric distribution. Using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data, the associated mesoscale characteristics of the precipitation were analyzed and the formation of asymmetric rainfall distribution was investigated in the context of a subsynoptic scale disturbance, vertical wind shear and orographic factors. The results are shown as follows. (1) The subsynoptic scale system provided favorable dynamic conditions to the genesis of mesoscale rain clusters and rainbands. (2) The southern Hainan Island was located to the left of the leeward direction of downshear all the time, being favorable to the development of convection and leading to the asymmetric rainfall distribution. (3) Mountain terrain in the southern Hainan Island stimulated the genesis, combination and development of convective cells, promoting the formation of mesoscale precipitation systems and ultimately resulting in rainfall increase in the southern island.     

L波段探空判别云区方法的研究

利用2008年1月到2009年12月的L波段探空资料,和与之时空匹配的Cloudsat云观测资料,首先分析了云内和云外相对湿度的累积频率分布,发现以75%作为相对湿度阈值判断云准确率可达81%。随后利用BS（Bias Score）和TS（Threat Score）评分方法,对不同相对湿度阈值进行评分分析,发现以81%作为相对湿度阈值TS评分可达0.66,为最高。接着利用BS和TS评分方法分不同高度对相对湿度阈值进行评分分析,发现随高度的增加该高度上具有最好TS评分的相对湿度阈值在减小。利用这些阈值对云判断时,总的TS评分高于0.6,且其准确率达到84%以上,比利用单一相对湿度阈值判断云准确率要高。最后对这些阈值进行优化,得到一套适合于我国L波段探空秒数据的云垂直结构的判别方法。     

2011年9月中国华西致灾暴雨环流特征及地形强迫效应分析

采用陕西及周边地区7213个雨量站资料,分析了2011年9月1-18日期间华西地区降水量分布特征,结果表明：该时段累计降水量是历史同期水平的2-3倍,持续时间长,致灾严重。降水主要分为4-6日、11日和16-18日3次大的过程。利用NCEP 1°×1°的资料分析3次过程的水汽和环流特征,表明暴雨区低层的主要水汽输送,除了偏南气流从川东一带向北输送外,还有偏东气流从华北平原南部一带向西输送。与3次降水过程对应,华西地区500 hPa有3次西风槽过境,700 hPa偏南风和850 hPa偏北风分别出现3个明显的控制时段;700 hPa偏南气流先期输送大量暖湿空气到华西地区,形成不稳定层结,当遇到偏北风输送的干冷空气楔入其下将其抬升时,叠加槽前的动力抬升作用和地形造成的风场辐合抬升,使得对流活动增强,不稳定能量释放,暴雨发生。稳定的环流形势（乌拉尔山阻高）导致特定地形下形成持续的不稳定层结以及动力抬升条件被不断重复满足,从而不断引发上升运动释放不稳定能量,这是2011年华西秋雨稳定持续的根本原因。     

Analgesis and wound healing effect of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan on scalded rats

Analgesis and wound healing effect of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan on scalded rats were investigated. A II degree scald model was established in rats, which was subsequently treated with chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan solution, respectively. The concentration of bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptophan was detected by assaying enzyme-linked immunosorbent. Healing condition was observed and pathological sections were made to determine the healing effect of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan. Results showed that the concentration of bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptophan peaked at the third hour post-wound in all groups, while the concentration of hydroxyproline peaked at the seventh day post-wound in both chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan group. The concentration of bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptophan of carboxymethyl chitosan group was significantly lower than that of control (P < 0.05), while that of chitosan group was similar to that of control (P > 0.05). These findings indicated that carboxymethyl chitosan reduced the concentration of algogenic substances, resulting in analgesia. During the whole recovery process, the hydroxyproline concentration in chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan group on day 3 and 7 was significantly higher than that of control (P < 0.01); however the significance of such a highness decreased on day 14 (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan accelerated tissue repair. Meanwhile, chitosan performed better in healing than carboxymethyl chitosan in both decrustation and healing time. In conclusion, carboxymethyl chitosan showed significant analgesis and wound-healing promotion effect, but chitosan only showed wound-healing promotion effect.     

车载全景影像核线匹配和空间前方交会

全景相机车载移动系统可以获取带有精确位置和姿态信息的序列全景影像,针对该影像数据,提出一种构建全景核线影像的方法,描述了在球面全景模型下构建全景影像之间核线几何约束的过程,并推导出具体的公式,然后在两张全景核线影像之间使用SIFT算法匹配同名点,最后根据摄影中心、像点、物点3点共线的原理,推导出全景影像的共线公式,利用前方交会的原理计算出物点的空间3维坐标。实验结果表明,本文方法可以降低全景影像匹配的难度,提高匹配点数量和精度,适用于实现基于全景影像的量测等功能。     

地理国情监测成果在线发布方案的研究

介绍了地理国情监测成果的主要内容,探讨了地理国情监测成果在线发布的技术流程和方法。     

一种 ReliefF 和随机森林模型组合的多波束 海底底质分类方法

海底底质的快速探测和精细划分对海洋工程建设 、海洋资源开发等具有重要意义。多波束探测是目前声学底质遥测 的有效手段之一, 通常提取多波束反向散射强度图像和地形数据中的多维特征结合分类器进行底质分类。一方面, 若特征空 间维数过高, 分类效率会显著降低; 另一方面, 个别特征容易放大原始数据处理过程中仍存留的异常现象。针对这一问题, 本文提出了一种结合 Re1iefF 算法和随机森林 (Random Forest, RF) 算法的多波束底质分类方法。提取反向散射强度和地形 共 16 维特征, 利用Re1iefF 算法进行特征筛选, 排除低相关性特征, 降低特征空间维数, 结合采样点数据进行模型训练以构 建多波束底质分类模型。试验结合随机森林算法对未经特征筛选 、经主成分分析 (Principa1 Component Ana1ysis, PCA) 特征 优化后的特征进行分类实验作为对比。本文方法 Kappa 系数达到 85%, 分类总精度高于 90%, 精度具有明显优势, 耗时也 比较短。可见, 本文提出的结合 Re1iefF 和随机森林模型的多波束底质分类方法可以在保证分类精度的同时对多维特征进行 优化, 有效地提高了分类效率, 可对海底底质分类研究提供参考。