江汉平原东部构造特征与演化

本文论述了江汉平原地区东部区域构造格架与局部构造样式及其构造演化,指出该地区中古生界以发育挤压性构造为主,具有对冲干涉、南北分带、纵向叠置的结构特征。全区分为南部江南-雪峰滑脱推覆构造带、中部对冲(背冲)构造带、北部秦岭大别推覆构造带三个主体构造带。多期次构造变形变位及岩浆活动作用,发育了挤压构造、压扭走滑构造、刺穿和隐刺穿构造、张性构造四类基本构造样式。一般认为震旦纪至早、中三叠世本区及中扬子区经历了两期板块汇聚、增生、裂解、俯冲、陆内碰撞造山的构造旋回;之后经历了晚三叠世前陆斜坡演化阶段;侏罗纪末期陆内造山、挤压褶皱演化阶段;侏罗纪后-早白垩世剥蚀夷平、岩浆岩活动改造演化阶段;中晚白垩世-古近纪构造负反转、断陷演化阶段;新近纪构造体制再次正反转、区域挤压抬升演化阶段。多期构造运动导致多种原型盆地改造叠加使江汉平原东部地区的构造格局复杂多变。     

应用信息粒方法构建测井岩性解释模型

基于模糊聚类、神经网络等常用测井岩性识别方法,提出应用信息粒(InformationGranulation)技术建立测井数据到岩性知识的映射模型。并以中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)的测井数据为例,详细介绍了这种岩性解释方法的应用过程及其所取得的良好应用效果。     

高纯石英矿物资源工程研究

高纯石英是世界稀缺和我国短缺的高技术战略矿物资源,是石英晶格Al杂质的质量分数≤30×10-6的天然矿物,晶格Al及其他粒内杂质元素有均匀、非均匀,环带三种分布形式,其含量和分布形式是决定产品纯度及提纯工艺限度的根本因素。无同期伴生金属矿化是高纯石英矿床成矿的必要条件,预测和寻找大型高纯石英矿床可类比美国伟晶白岗岩型矿床。高纯石英矿物工程前沿技术是除高杂石英、除粒内杂质及粉碎整形。国家主导大型高品质高纯石英矿床预测找矿是发展我国高纯石英产业的关键。     

新型超声波钻探设备的建模分析

目前,对宇宙中生命迹象的探索是世界各国所关注的最重要的目标之一。美国宇航局研制了由超声波或者声波驱动器驱动的一系列超声波／声波钻头／取心器（USDC）设备,用来进行空间探测并提取岩石、冰与土壤样品,以及进行原位分析。此设备在声波频率下,超声波压电驱动器驱动中间的自由质量块,进而冲击钻头来进行采样。基于此设备的运行过程,分析了超声波激发器的原理过程,主要是自由质量块与激发器的反应过程,变幅杆顶部与自由质量块的碰撞过程,自由质量块与钻杆的碰撞过程。初步建立了USDC内部各部分相互作用的模型。     

Effects of climatic changes and anthropogenic activities on lake eutrophication in different ecoregions

Climatic changes and anthropogenic activities could affect nutrients?? status significantly in the different lake ecosystems. Nutrients in Lake Hulun and Lake Taihu, two largest shallow cyanobacteria-blooming lakes in northern and southern China, respectively, were at eutrophicated levels in 2009. The concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 3.346 and 2.250?mg/L as well as 0.435 and 0.062?mg/L, respectively, in these two lakes with different causes of eutrophication. For Lake Hulun, it was the decreased amount of water as a result of the warming and drying climate that accounted for the abrupt increase of total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels through inspissation. In addition, the icebound effects, no outflows, low nutrients sequestration by the sediment and the reduction of aquatic productivity made the situation even worse. On the contrary, high population densities, the rapid development of agriculture and industry as well as urbanization have increased the nitrogen and phosphorus loads on Lake Taihu. Therefore, higher criteria of total nitrogen and total phosphorus should be applied in Lake Hulun given the difficulties in controlling climatic changes while much more rigorous standards should be established for Lake Taihu since the anthropogenic impacts on nutrient status are relatively easy to control.     

Geochemical characteristics and provenance implication of rare earth elements in surface sediments from bays along Guangdong Coast, Southeast China

A systematic study of the granulometric properties and the occurrence and distribution of rare earth elements (REE) within surface sediments from ten bays situated along the coast of Southeast China has facilitated a more rigorous understanding of constraints on sediment provenance in the area. The results show that REE concentrations are similar within a single bay, but vary considerably (133.58–251.77 mg/kg) among the bays. The chondrite-normalized distribution patterns show the typical enrichment of light REEs (LREEs: La–Eu) relative to heavy REEs (HREEs: Gd–Lu), and an apparent depletion of Eu, which is diagnostic of a terrigenous sediment source. Obvious enrichments of the middle REEs (MREEs: Sm–Ho) in the PAAS-normalized (Post-Archean Australian Shale) distribution patterns of these bay sediments are similar to results reported from large rivers in China. Comparing the REE composition of the bay sediments with those of adjoining fluvial sediments and with the bedrock of the surrounding drainage basins, the latter are indicated as the dominant sediment source. The uniform REE distribution patterns, and MREE enrichments, prove that the sediments are derived from the material transported by the streams and rivers that discharge into the bays.     

Estimation of authigenic alteration of biogenic and reactive silica in Pearl River estuarine sediments using wet-chemical digestion methods

The extent of authigenic alteration of biogenic and reactive silica in Pearl River estuarine sediments has been estimated using wet-chemical digestion methods. Results show relatively constant distributions of biogenic and reactive Si horizontally and vertically. Based on three core measurements, the biogenic and total reactive Si average 77.91 and 264.77 μmol Si g⁻¹, respectively. Their extents of authigenic alteration are correspondingly estimated as ~55.6 and ~70.6%. The average biogenic Si accumulation rate is calculated as 1.91 × 10⁹ mol Si year⁻¹, which translates into storage of ~7.15% of the annual riverine dissolved silica input. By contrast, the total reactive Si accumulation rate is as high as 6.49 × 10⁹ mol Si year⁻¹, improving annual riverine silicic acid storage to ~24.19%. Detailed investigation is required for a good understanding of early diagenetic process of biogenic and reactive silica in this subtropical area.     

青海卡而却卡铜多金属矿床流体包裹体地球化学及成因意义

卡而却卡位于青海省东昆仑西段祁曼塔格地区,通过最近几年找矿成果显示其找矿潜力巨大。此次研究主要从包裹体测温入手,探讨流体包裹体的成因意义。并且通过对包裹体进行拉曼探针分析和氢氧同位素组成研究,说明了流体的化学成分以及流体来源,并在此基础上探讨了卡而却卡斑岩矿化带和矽卡岩矿化带流体之间的关系。对卡而却卡矿区流体包裹体测温结果研究表明,斑岩矿化带和矽卡岩矿化带成矿流体均分为高温、高盐度流体和中低温、低盐度流体两个端元,其中斑岩矿化带绢英岩化阶段是成矿主要阶段,均一温度集中区间为260~400℃,而矽卡岩矿化带矽卡岩期湿矽卡岩阶段均一温度也集中于260~400℃,该时期是成矿物质沉淀的主要阶段。可以看出,二者成矿阶段均一温度吻合。并且各自温度区间均有很好对应。通过对包裹体氢氧同位素组成研究,卡而却卡矿区成矿流体均来源于岩浆水,但斑岩型矿床流体局部存在着与大气降水的混合,显示出明显的“d18O飘移”现象。激光拉曼探针分析结果显示,卡而却卡成矿流体为一套以H2O-CO2-NaCl-CH4为主,含有微弱 H2S和N2的复杂组分体系。 综上所述,卡而却卡斑岩型矿化带和矽卡岩型矿化带二者属于同一成矿系列,即碰撞后伸展导致酸性岩浆活动而形成的斑岩-矽卡岩铜钼铅铁多金属成矿系列。     

埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊的研究

目前,埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊在我国市场上屡见不鲜.本文采用常规宝石学测试手段、光谱分析、吸水实验、浸泡褪色实验和浸泡染色实验等方法对市场上常见的3种颜色的埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊进行了研究.结果表明,这些埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊主要通过浸泡于不同颜色的化学颜料溶液中上色,浸泡过程中往往添加含有羧酸根离子的表面活性剂或颜料超分散剂(如邻苯二甲酸酯),以使颜料颗粒分布更加均匀,这主要是由于埃塞俄比亚欧泊的孔隙度相对较大,对染料的吸附性相对较强.这些埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊的主要特征如下: ① 亚透明至微透明,染橙色和染蓝色样品具有弱至强的变彩,染黑色样品体色以灰蓝色或黄灰色为主,具有强烈的红色、黄色、绿色和蓝色变彩;透射光下照射,染黑色欧泊具有强至弱的红色调以及明显的染剂不均匀富集现象. ② 埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊和其天然欧泊一样吸水性强,吸水后密度、质量均有所增加,透明度增强,变彩可能会有所增强,也可能会有所减弱,染色欧泊密度范围为1.63～1.86 g/cm³,折射率在1.40(点测)左右,与天然欧泊一致,均低于澳大利亚和墨西哥的欧泊. ③ 在高倍显微镜下观察,染色样品颜色分布不均,内部常见色点、色斑、色块或色团分布,在表面部位染剂富集现象更为明显,常见染剂沿着边缘、刮痕或凹坑处富集. ④ 染色欧泊浸泡在不同的溶剂中会使溶剂变色. ⑤ 拉曼光谱表明,染色欧泊出现了很强的荧光背景及弱的热效应峰3 362 cm^-1,拉曼散射峰很弱. ⑥ 紫外可见光分光光谱表明,埃塞俄比亚染色欧泊与天然欧泊的吸收光谱不同.