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701.
V. Piscopo M. Barbieri V. Monetti G. Pagano S. Pistoni E. Ruggi D. Stanzione 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(8):1508-1521
A conceptual hydrogeological model of the Viterbo thermal area (central Italy) has been developed. Though numerous studies have been conducted on its geological, geochemical and geothermal features, there is no generalized picture defining the origin and yield of the hydrothermal system. These latter aspects have therefore become the objectives of this research, which is based on new hydrogeological and geochemical investigations. The geological setting results in the coexistence of overlapped interacting aquifers. The shallow volcanic aquifer, characterized by fresh waters, is fed from the area around the Cimini Mountains and is limited at its base by the semiconfining marly-calcareous-arenaceous complex and low-permeability clays. To the west of Viterbo, vertical upflows of thermal waters of the sulphate-chloride-alkaline-earth type with higher gas contents, are due to the locally uplifted carbonate reservoir, the reduced thickness of the semiconfining layer and the high local geothermal gradient. The hot waters (30–60°C) are the result of deep circulation within the carbonate rocks (0.5–1.8 km) and have the same recharge area as the volcanic aquifer. The upward flow in the Viterbo thermal area is at least 0.1 m3/s. This flow feeds springs and deep wells, also recharging the volcanic aquifer from below. 相似文献
702.
703.
S. C. Choi Onyx W. H. Wai Thomas W. H. Choi X. D. Li C. W. Tsang 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(3):455-461
Partitioning of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) in marine sediments collected from various sites in Hong Kong waters were
determined using sequential extraction method. Sediments from Kellette Bank, located in Victoria Harbour, had higher metal
concentrations especially Cu and Zn than most other sites. Slightly over 20% of total Cu and Cr existed as readily available
forms in Peng Chau and Kellette Bank. At most sampling sites, over 15% of the Cu existed as the exchangeable form indicating
that Cu could be readily released into the aqueous phase from sediments. A significantly higher percentage of Pb and Zn was
associated with the three non-residual fractions. Hence, there is a greater environmental concern for remobilization of Pb
and Zn compared with Cr. The high amount of residual Cd (>50%) and the relatively lower Cd content indicate that little environmental
concern is warranted for the remobilization of Cd. Distribution of metals in sediments collected from different depth at Kellette
Bank shows that metal concentrations decreased with profile depth. The levels of Pb and Zn associated with the two readily
available fractions increased sharply in the surface sediment. These metals represented the pollutants, which were introduced
into the area in the mid-eighties through early nineties as a result of rapid economic and industrial development in the territory.
As significant portions of these metals were bound to the readily available phases in the surface sediments, metal remobilization
could be a concern.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
704.
705.
D. C. Smith 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,88(1-2):87-122
Summary The stoichiometry of pyroxenes {viiiX2+
viY2+
ivZ4+
2 O6} and garnets {xiiX2+
3
viY3+
2
ivZ4+
3 O12} is re-evaluated by a theoretical crystal-chemical approach that takes into account natural phenomena that do not fit with
conventional anhydrous stoichiometric mineralogy: the existence in eclogites of microinclusions of other minerals that may
have been exsolved from previous supersilicic or subsilicic UHPM pyroxene or garnet. Different definitions of supersilicic
and subsilicic are discussed and the one based on the ability to exsolve SiO2 and leave behind a stoichiometric pyroxene or garnet is recommended for general adoption. The SHAND system (S = Si et al.; H = H; A = Al et al.; N = Na et al.; D = divalents)
for projecting multivariate chemical space involving 23 cations and 104 selected natural or potential mineral species on to
two essential diagrams (SAND and SHND) is described in full for the first time. Numerous possible chemical exchanges are considered
and justified with respect to known mineral phenomena such as cation vacancies, octahedral silicon or protonation. Several
new potential end-members are presented, in particular “supersilipyx”, “supersiligar” and “subsiligar”. It is suggested that
small quantities of these end-members can be incorporated into UHPM solid-solutions and lead to various exsolution phenomena
during eclogite exhumation. 相似文献
706.
Experimental results are presented in this paper to study the strain softening behaviour of a marine dredged sand under plane-strain conditions. K0 consolidated drained and undrained tests were conducted using a new plane-strain apparatus to characterize the strain softening behaviour of the sand under plane-strain conditions. For medium dense specimens, strain softening and shear bands were observed to occur under both drained and undrained conditions. For very loose specimens, no shear bands were observed and critical states were reached within the homogeneous deformation region in both drained and undrained tests. Strain softening was observed to occur at small strain for very loose specimens under undrained conditions. Two types of strain softening, the homogenous softening and banding softening, were identified and the conditions for strain softening were established. The results obtained from this study were compared with the studies by Han and Vardoulakis (Géotechnique 41(1):49–78, 1991), Finno et al. (J Geotech Eng ASCE 122(6):462–473, 1996, Géotechnique 47(1):149–165, 1997) and Mokni and Desrues (Mech Cohes-Frict Mat 4:419–441, 1998). 相似文献
707.
Nd and Sr isotope analyses are presented for gangue mineral samples from the giant carbonate-hosted Navan Zn–Pb deposit, Ireland, and for rocks from which Navan metals may have been derived. Analysis of gangue minerals spanning the Navan paragenetic sequence reveals systematic evolution in the composition of the mineralising fluid. Early fluid represented by replacive dolomite exhibits the lowest initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7083–0.7086), closest to that of the host limestone and to Lower Carboniferous seawater, and the highest 143Nd/144Nd ratio (0.51161–0.51176). Later generations of dolomite, barite and calcite, which encompass sulphide precipitation, have higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (maximum 0.7105) and lower initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios (minimum 0.51157). All samples have initial Nd isotope ratios that are too low to have been acquired only from the host limestone. Drill core samples of presumed Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary rocks from beneath the Navan orebody have 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios at the time of mineralisation of 0.51184–0.51217 and 0.7086–0.7138, respectively. The data are interpreted to indicate mixing of sulphide-rich, limestone-buffered brine, with a metal-bearing hydrothermal fluid, which had passed through sub-Carboniferous rocks, consistent with published fluid inclusion and S isotope data. The 143Nd/144Nd ratio of this basement-derived fluid is too low to have been imparted by flow through the Devonian Old Red Sandstone, as required in models of regional fluid flow in response to Hercynian uplift. Irrespective of whether such regional fluid flow occurred, the hydrothermal Nd must have been derived from sub-Devonian rocks. These conclusions broadly support the hydrothermal convection cell model in which brines, ultimately of surface origin, penetrated to a depth of several kilometres, leaching metals from the rocks through which they passed. The data also support increasing depth of penetration of convection cells with time. Metals were subsequently precipitated in carbonate rocks at sites of mixing with cooler, sulphide-rich fluids. However, comparison of the Navan hydrothermal gangue Nd–Sr isotope data with data from Lower Palaeozoic rocks strongly suggests that the latter cannot alone account for the “basement” signature. As the Navan deposit lies immediately north of the Iapetus Suture, this suggests that the Laurentian margin includes Precambrian basement. 相似文献
708.
709.
Planning for source water protection in Ontario 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ontario began developing a drinking water source protection planning process in 2000, after a rural community's water supply was contaminated by pathogens from agricultural runoff. An expert committee report has recommended legislating a new source protection “sphere of jurisdiction” for municipalities; however, no specific new municipal tools or authorities have been proposed as yet. This paper reports findings from an evaluation of the extent to which existing institutional arrangements for land use planning and water management facilitate or constrain source protection by municipalities. A case study of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo suggests there is the potential to link land use planning more strongly to water management through creative use of existing tools, forgoing the need for major institutional changes. 相似文献
710.
J.F. Dumont E. Santana F. Valdez J.P. Tihay P. Usselmann D. Iturralde E. Navarette 《Geomorphology》2006,74(1-4):100-123
The San Lorenzo area belongs to the Esmeraldas–Tumaco seismic zone where some of the strongest earthquakes of South America occurred during the 20th century. This paper provides evidence for a succession of geomorphic changes characterized by the disruption of the Quaternary drainage network and the reshaping of the Cayapas–Santiago estuary. The rise of the La Boca uplift bordered by the La Boca and San Lorenzo faults is responsible for the southward diversion of the Palabi, Tululbi, Bogotá and Carolina rivers toward the Santiago and Cayapas rivers. The increase of the discharge directed to the Cayapas River generated the change of the channel pattern downstream from the confluence, and the avulsion of a new estuary through the coastal plain. According to the dating of beach ridges the avulsion occurred in the period 3200–2800 BP. This period corresponds also to a faster accretion of the beach ridge margin, interpreted as a response to a small uplift of the shore. The coherency of the three morphologic evidences—diversion of drainage network, avulsion and increase of coastal accretion—suggest a unique morphotectonic event, in relation with the activity of the Esmaraldas–Tumaco seismic zone. The opening of a direct communication through the mangrove margin may have brought favorable conditions for the development of the La Tolita archaeological site after 3000 BP. 相似文献