Marine Ecosystem—Based Management: Definition,Principles, Framework and Practice

As the largest ecosystems of the earth, marine ecosystem provides many types of ecosystem service to human. More than 60% of the global population lives the coastal area. A healthy ocean is critical to our economy, health and way of life. However, with rapid population growth and densely inhabited coastal areas, our dependence on marine resources is greater than ever. The overuse and mismanagement of ecosystem services have placed great pressure on marine systems, thereby threatening the future of marine ecosystems, and the services they provide. With anthropogenic pressures increasing in coastal cities, adopting ecosystem-based management frameworks that minimize impacts on marine environments while allowing for sustainable development is critical. Marine Ecosystem-Based Management seeks to manage marine resources in ways that protect ecosystem health while providing the ecosystem services needed by people. Rather than focusing solely on a single species or resource, MEBM incorporates science and balances the demands of user groups in a manner that produces management strategies that are more likely to be sustainable than traditional approaches. The definition, principles and framework were discussed in this paper based on the summary of literature, and two examples were introduced. Last, some suggestions were put forward to marine ecosystem management for ocean ecosystem and for healthy coastal resources sustainable utilization.     

阿穆尔板块相对欧亚板块的欧拉运动

利用中国东北地区1998～2005年的GPS数据,结合俄罗斯、韩国和蒙古的部分GPS观测资料,用加权最小二乘方法以迭代的方式解算了阿穆尔板块相对欧亚板块的欧拉运动矢量。最终的33个测站的位移速率加权均方根残差(WRMS)为0.98mm/a。计算结果表明阿穆尔相对欧亚板块运动的欧拉极位于阿穆尔板块的北部边界外兴安岭东端(54.06±1.13°N,135.87±7.16°E),欧拉旋转量为0.099±0.00735°/Ma。     

A further investigation of the decadal variation of ENSO characteristics with instability analysis

Based on instability theory and some former studies, the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA） data are analyzed to further study the difference between the propagation of the ENSO-related oceanic anomaly in the off-equatorial North Pacific Ocean before and after 1976. The investigation shows that after 1976 in the off-equatorial North Pacific Ocean, there is a larger area where the necessary conditions for baroclinic and/or barotropic instability are satisfied, which may help oceanic anomaly signals propagating in the form of Rossby waves to absorb energy from the mean currents so that they can grow and intensify. The baroclinic energy conversion rate in the North Pacific after 1976 is much higher than before 1976, which indicates that the baroclinic instability has intensified since 1976. Prom another perspective, the instability analysis gives an explanation of the phenomena that the ENSO-related oceanic anomaly signal in the North Pacific has intensified since 1976.     

胶东地热田地热流体的补径排特征——以招远东汤地热田为例

招远东汤地热田是胶东现有16处天然温泉典型之一,以东汤地热田为例,剖析胶东地热田的补径排特征,对胶东各地热田的资源评价及开发利用具有重要的现实意义。该文通过地热地质条件综合分析、地热流体与基岩水及第四系水水化学成分对比、D,18O同位素分析、模型概化等手段综合研究,认为东汤地热田主要受招平断裂带与玲珑断裂带的控制,其复合部位为地热流体入渗、深循环的主径流通道。地热流体的Cl-,F-,Ba2+,Li-,Sr2+,H2Si O3等离子及TDS含量明显高于其周边的水体,且随第四系水、基岩水及地热流体埋藏深度的增加,其δD与δ18O值逐渐偏负,确定地热流体与其周边的水体并无水力联系;通过地热流体D,18O同位素与大气降雨线的关系,得出地热流体补给来源于大气降雨。由D同位素高程效应,算得地热流体补给高程为314～414 m左右,结合招平断裂与玲珑断裂的复合部位延伸方向,确定地热田的主要补给区为距离地热田东北方向15 km的双顶山山区。该文补径排特征的研究,对胶东其他天然温泉的补径排特征及补给区的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

采空区残余倾斜变形对路基稳定性的影响分析与评价

地下开采导致的地表残余倾斜对采空区公路路基的稳定性有重要影响。针对采空区公路路基的稳定性评价,笔者提出了基于概率积分法和Knothe时间函数的地表残余倾斜的计算方法,分析了路基稳定性的条分法计算原理及残余倾斜对路基稳定性的影响机理,推导了基于解析法的路基最不利滑动面计算公式,使用C#语言编制了路基稳定性系数计算软件,并通过工程实例,对提出的方法和软件进行了验证,分析了地表残余倾斜、路基边坡坡率对路基稳定性的影响。     

遥感反演蒸散发的日尺度扩展方法研究进展

遥感技术能够提供卫星过境时刻地表参量的瞬时值,进而通过模型构建可反演得到瞬时蒸散发。相对于瞬时蒸散发,日尺度蒸散发在实际生产生活中具有更重要的应用价值。本文系统地总结分析了遥感反演瞬时蒸散发的代表性日尺度扩展方法,包括蒸发比不变法、解耦因子不变法、辐射能量比不变法、参考蒸发比不变法、地表阻抗不变法和数据同化法,并对各方法的基本原理、估算精度、适用性等进行了对比分析。在此基础上,进一步综述了日尺度扩展方法存在的不确定性和主要问题,包括扩展方法本身误差、云覆盖、气象数据获取、夜间蒸散发估算、遥感反演同扩展误差累积及真实性检验等,并指出今后应从加强有云天及夜间蒸散发扩展机理和方法等方面的研究来提升瞬时蒸散发日尺度扩展精度。     

甘肃河西山地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征

山地土壤具有强异质性和较高的碳密度,研究山地土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征和影响因素,对理解未来气候变化情景下该区土壤碳-大气反馈具有重要意义。河西山地地形复杂,水热梯度明显,是研究土壤有机碳空间格局的理想区域。利用河西山地126个土壤剖面数据,分析了0~100 cm土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布特征及其与环境因素的关系。结果表明:河西山地0~100 cm土壤有机碳密度均值15.04±7.24 kg·m^-2,区域土壤有机碳储量1.37±0.66 Pg,其中50%储存在高寒草甸和亚高山灌丛草甸。研究区土壤有机碳密度从高到低依次为亚高山灌丛草甸(41.15±18.47 kg·m^-2)、山地草甸草原(40.26±9.59 kg·m^-2)、山地森林(34.57±14.52 kg·m^-2)、高寒草甸(29.19±14.58 kg·m^-2)、山地草原(19.28±11.33 kg·m^-2)、荒漠草原(9.83±4.14 kg·m^-2)、高寒草原(8.59±2.47 kg·m^-2)、高寒荒漠(5.89±3.18 kg·m^-2)、草原化荒漠(5.16±3.06 kg·m^-2)、温带荒漠(5.00±3.35 kg·m^-2)。土壤有机碳的空间分布与地形和气候因子显著相关。土壤有机碳密度随着海拔的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,阴坡土壤有机碳密度显著高于阳坡和半阴坡。土壤有机碳密度随年平均降水量增多而增多,随年平均温度的升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。     

基于无人机遥感的喀斯特高原峡谷区火龙果单株识别提取方法

基于小型无人机搭载可见光镜头作为数据获取手段,通过对比可见光波段差异植被指数（VDVI）、过绿指数（ExG）、过绿减过红指数（ExG-ExR）、归一化绿红差异指数NGRDI和绿叶指数（GLI）5种可见光波段颜色指数方法应用于喀斯特高原峡谷区典型经济作物火龙果植株识别的适宜性,结合可视化空间建模工具模型构建器,提出一种以单植株平均面积分割株丛的思想,对火龙果进行植株识别分割和单株提取方法研究,结果表明：1）VDVI相比EXG、NGRDI、ExG-ExR、GLI等植被指数更适宜作为火龙果的识别分割方法;2）当VDVI的OTSU阈值取0.037时,能最大程度地分割目标地物与背景地物;3）通过人机交互基地实测获取的实际株数与提取株数验证,获得火龙果植株单株提取精度为91.7%。结果证实：以低空无人机可见光波段影像为数据源,VDVI指数作为识别方法,株丛分割应用于喀斯特高原峡谷区火龙果的单株识别提取具有可行性。     

Driving Mechanism of Gross Primary Production Changes and Implications for Grassland Management on the Tibetan Plateau

The contribution of climatic change and anthropogenic activities to vegetation productivity are not fully understood. In this study, we determined potential climate-driven gross primary production (GPPp) using a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model, and actual gross primary production (GPPa) using MODIS Approach in alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2015. The GPPa was influenced by both climatic change and anthropogenic activities. Gross primary production caused by anthropogenic activities (GPPh) was calculated as the difference between GPPp and GPPa. Approximately 75.63% and 24.37% of the area percentages of GPPa showed increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Climatic change and anthropogenic activities were dominant factors responsible for approximately 42.90% and 32.72% of the increasing area percentage of GPPa, respectively. In contrast, climatic change and anthropogenic activities were responsible for approximately 16.88% and 7.49% of the decreasing area percentages of GPPa, respectively. The absolute values of the change trends of GPPp and GPPh of meadows were greater than those of steppes. The GPPp change values were greater than those of GPPh at all elevations, whereas both GPPp and GPPh showed decreasing trends when elevations were greater than or equal to 5000 m, 4600 m and 4800 m in meadows, steppes and all grasslands, respectively. Climatic change had stronger effects on the GPPa changes when elevations were lower than 5000 m, 4600 m and 4800 m in meadows, steppes and all grasslands, respectively. In contrast, anthropogenic activities had stronger effects on the GPPa changes when elevations were greater than or equal to 5000 m, 4600 m and 4800 m in meadows, steppes and all grasslands, respectively. Therefore, the causes of actual gross primary production changes varied with elevations, regions and grassland types, and grassland classification management should be considered on the Tibetan Plateau.     

东南极中山站陆缘固定冰2011/2012年度的时空变化

Annual observations of first-year ice(FYI) and second-year ice(SYI) near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica,were conducted for the first time from December 2011 to December 2012. Melt ponds appeared from early December 2011. Landfast ice partly broke in late January, 2012 after a strong cyclone. Open water was refrozen to form new ice cover in mid-February, and then FYI and SYI co-existed in March with a growth rate of 0.8 cm/d for FYI and a melting rate of 2.7 cm/d for SYI. This difference was due to the oceanic heat flux and the thickness of ice,with weaker heat flux through thicker ice. From May onward, FYI and SYI showed a similar growth by 0.5 cm/d.Their maximum thickness reached 160.5 cm and 167.0 cm, respectively, in late October. Drillings showed variations of FYI thickness to be generally less than 1.0 cm, but variations were up to 33.0 cm for SYI in March,suggesting that the SYI bottom was particularly uneven. Snow distribution was strongly affected by wind and surface roughness, leading to large thickness differences in the different sites. Snow and ice thickness in Nella Fjord had a similar "east thicker, west thinner" spatial distribution. Easterly prevailing wind and local topography led to this snow pattern. Superimposed ice induced by snow cover melting in summer thickened multi-year ice,causing it to be thicker than the snow-free SYI. The estimated monthly oceanic heat flux was ～30.0 W/m2 in March–May, reducing to ～10.0 W/m2 during July–October, and increasing to ～15.0 W/m2 in November. The seasonal change and mean value of 15.6 W/m2 was similar to the findings of previous research. The results can be used to further our understanding of landfast ice for climate change study and Chinese Antarctic Expedition services.