U6+化合物结构构形熵及其对热力学稳定性的影响--在核废料地质处置中的应用

在核废料地质处置库中, UO2乏燃料将很快被氧化成U6+化合物. 由于大多数U6+化合物都具有层状或链状结构, 并且通常含有多个水分子团, 在某些结晶学位置上可能出现不同元素的类质同象混合或空位, 其中与水分子有关的氢键也可能无序排列, 因而产生类质同象混合熵和结构无序熵. 通过系统搜集铀酸盐、UO22+的氢氧化物、磷酸盐、硅酸盐、碳酸盐和硫酸盐的晶体结构分析测定结果, 发现至少31种U6+化合物中有类质同象混合, 根据对其理想混合熵的计算结果, 混合熵对某些U6+化合物的第三定律熵有较大贡献. 此外, 对U6+化合物中H2O的晶体化学性质进行了讨论, 认为与间隙水分子有关的氢键的无序定向所产生的结构构形熵也是不能忽视的. 在核废料地质处置库近场地球化学环境中, 结构构形熵的存在可使与某些U6+ 化合物平衡的水溶液中铀的浓度降低几个数量级. 因此, 应用量热法测定U6+ 化合物的热力学参数的同时, 必须精确测定样品的化学成分和晶体结构, 并将量热法测定与溶解度实验研究相结合, 以相互印证.     

Sur le mecanisme de formation de la schistosite dans l'himalaya

After recalling briefly the major geological characters of the Nepal Himalayas and the global evolution of the Himalayan chain we stress the importance of three dominant and remarkably constant tectonic features in this chain: (1) a huge overthrust is seen everywhere to entail a visible throw of more than 100 km; (2) a shallow dipping cleavage develops over an observable thickness in excess of 15 km; and (3) in the underthrusting slab the stretching lineation keeps a similar direction constantly perpendicular to the local trend of the chain.We suggest that these features, especially the cleavage, can be explained in terms of a simple mechanical model, namely simple shear on a crustal scale. This clearcut case could be used as a model for the origin of flattish cleavages in many orogens. After discussing other modes of formation for such cleavages (diapiric intrusion, extension) we show that the Himalayan model could apply to other chains.     

The subalkaline potassic magmatism of the Ballons massif (Southern Vosges,France): shoshonitic affinity

A systematic geochemical study of the Ballons plutonic complex (Southern Vosges, France) indicates that the border facies of the massif are composed of two continuous differentiation series ranging from gabbros to quartz monzonites and very similar to the shoshonitic associations (high K₂O/Na₂O ratios as well as high Ba, Sr, U and Th contents). The existence of a geochemical discontinuity between the two series and the monzogranite, which is the principal component of the massif, argues against the monzogranite being directly related to the two differentiation series by fractional crystallization. The zoned structure of the monzogranite can be attributed to in situ crystal fractionation.     

True ‘gravitational lens’ effect for cylindrical deflectors

We show that gravitational light deflection is truly equivalent to the optical effect of a prism and a thin diverging lens when the massive deflector has cylindrical symmetry. We then investigate the possibility of cosmological measurements analogous to those proposed by Refsdal in the spherically-symmetric case.This work was partially supported by FINEP, CNPq, and CAPES.     

Crayfish gastroliths

Crayfish produce small button‐like gastroliths in their stomachs. These curious calcitic objects are increasingly common in lakes and streams in the UK and Europe as the invasive American crayfish increase their domination of freshwater environments. These stomach stones are also present in the geological record.     

A simple method of computing the variation of annual precipitation over mountainous terrain

A method for computing the distribution of annual precipitation for mountainous areas is presented. As a pilot study, the South Thompson River basin in British Columbia is examined. In addition to data from climatological (valley) stations, annual precipitation is estimated for snow course (mountain) locations from the water equivalent of the snowpack on April 1.An equation for the dependence of precipitation amount on orography is derived from simple physical considerations. Regression equations based on this are then computed and the calculated precipitation is checked with runoff data. A basic predictor is the mean vertical water vapor transport through a horizontal unit area due to flow over undulating terrain. This depends on the average slope of a region 3 deg long by 2 deg lat centered on each grid point. The transport at the earth's surface has a simple correlation coefficient with the combined valley and mountain precipitation data of 0.76. When the transport is computed at the mean cloud base (taken as 1800 m above sea-level), the correlation coefficient rises to 0.87.