External ownership and control: the impact of industrial organization on the regional economy

This study seeks to determine the role of external ownership and control of branch manufacturing plants in a traditionally peripheral region of the United States, the states of Georgia and South Carolina. The data are derived from a questionnaire survey sent to branch plants in the two states. The analysis is based on whether the branch plants are locally, regionally, nationally or internationally headquartered. The study identified the degree to which headquarter location affects the spatial pattern of material inputs, market location, and communication flows and personnel movements. The authority for making various decisions is also analyzed for branch plants based on the location of the headquarters.     

A new plot to display the strain of elliptical markers

A modification of the Elliott grid for plotting ellipse shape data are described. The effects of strain on elliptical markers are easy to visualize when the data are plotted on the new grid, and this allows clear interpretation of displayed data. New graphical methods for manipulating distributions of elliptical markers are directly related to an existing numerical method. When a distribution on the grid is strained, all the points move along straight, parallel lines. An initial distribution in which all the points lie on a straight line is strained into a distribution with the points lying on a hyperbola. Such curves include the analogues of ‘theta curves’. If the points lie on a circle centred at the grid origin, they are strained so as to lie on an ellipse. These are the analogues of ‘onion curves’.     

Average properties of ellipsoidal fabrics: Implications for two- and three-dimensional methods of strain analysis

Many rocks contain ellipsoidal objects (such as pebbles or reduction zones) which display a variety of shapes and orientations. In deformed rocks such objects may be used for strain analysis by using the concept of an average ellipsoid (here called the “fabric ellipsoid”). Two fabric ellipsoids are defined which are the results of two different algebraic averaging processes. During deformation of ellipsoidal distributions, the fabric ellipsoids change as if they were themselves material ellipsoids and are therefore of fundamental importance in strain analysis.In most studies to date, such 3-D fabric ellipsoids have been obtained from 2-D average ellipses determined on section planes cut through the rock sample. Previous work has assumed that the average ellipses will approximate to section through a single fabric ellipsoid. I show here that this is not the case as sectioning introduces a systematic bias into the section ellipse data. This bias is distinct from the statistical errors (due to finite sample size and measurement errors) discussed in other work and must be considered in any method of strain analysis using section planes.     

Some Unique Characteristics of Atmospheric Interannual Variability in Rainfall Time Series over India and the United Kingdom

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Revisiting the red light district: Still neglected, immoral and marginal?

Twenty years ago, Ashworth et al. (1988) offered a distinctive and innovative interpretation of a neglected aspect of the urban scene: the red light district. Focusing on the location of female prostitution in a series of Western European cities, their paper suggested that the geographies of sex work are revealing of some of the ‘less obvious’ social and political processes that shape urban space. Here, we revisit Ashworth et al’s paper in the light of subsequent developments in the organisation of commercial sex as well as the study of sexuality and space. Noting important continuities as well as major shifts in the location of sex work, with a significant shift to off-street forms of sex working having occurred, this paper argues that some of the ideas in Ashworth et al’s paper remain highly pertinent, but others appear in need of updating. In particular, we stress the importance of focusing on men as both clients and workers within the sex industry, and flag up a number of connections that might be made with the emerging literatures on the geographies of sex itself. We hence conclude by considering Ashworth et al’s paper as an important early intervention in debates surrounding the relations of sexuality and space, albeit one in which questions of gender, embodiment, and sexual desire remained largely unexplored.     

Compositional flow modeling using a multi-point flux mixed finite element method

We present a general compositional formulation using multi-point flux mixed finite element (MFMFE) method on general hexahedral grids. The mixed finite element framework allows for local mass conservation, accurate flux approximation, and a more general treatment of boundary conditions. The multi-point flux inherent in MFMFE scheme allows the usage of a full permeability tensor. The proposed formulation is an extension of single and two-phase flow formulations presented by Wheeler and Yotov, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 44(5), 2082–2106 (35) with similar convergence properties. Furthermore, the formulation allows for black oil, single-phase and multi-phase incompressible, slightly and fully compressible flow models utilizing the same design for different fluid systems. An accurate treatment of diffusive/dispersive fluxes owing to additional velocity degrees of freedom is also presented. The applications areas of interest include gas flooding, CO ₂ sequestration, contaminant removal, and groundwater remediation.     

Convergence of iterative coupling of geomechanics with flow in a fractured poroelastic medium

We consider an iterative scheme for solving a coupled geomechanics and flow problem in a fractured poroelastic medium. The fractures are treated as possibly non-planar interfaces. Our iterative scheme is an adaptation due to the presence of fractures of a classical fixed stress-splitting scheme. We prove that the iterative scheme is a contraction in an appropriate norm. Moreover, the solution converges to the unique weak solution of the coupled problem.