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101.
Martina Capponi Ahmed H. Mansi Daniele Sampietro 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2018,62(2):206-222
The precise computation of the vertical gravitational attraction of the topographic masses (terrain correction) is still being studied both for geodetic and geophysical applications. In fact, it is essential in high precision geoid estimation by means of the well-known remove-compute-restore technique, which is used to isolate the gravitational effects of anomalous masses in exploration geophysics. The terrain correction can be evaluated exploiting a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) in different ways, such as classical numerical integration, prisms, tesseroids, polyhedrons, and/or Fast Fourier Transform techniques. The increasing resolution of recently developed DTMs, the increasing number of observation points, and the increasing accuracy of gravity data represent, nowadays, major challenges for the terrain correction computation. Classical point mass approximation and prism based-algorithms are indeed too slow, while Fourier-based algorithms are usually too much approximate when compared to the required accuracy. In this work, we improve the Gravity Terrain Effects (GTE) algorithm, the innovative tool that exploits a combined prism-Fast Fourier Transform approach especially developed for airborne gravimetry, to compute the terrain correction on the surface of the DTM (i.e. corresponding to the ground stations and/or its vicinity). This required development of a proper adjustment of the algorithms implemented within the GTE software and also to define and implement a procedure to overcome the problems of the computation of the gravitational effects due to the actual slope of the terrain close to the stations. The latter problem is thoroughly discussed and solved by testing different solutions like concentric cylindrical rings, triangulated polyhedrons, or ultra-high resolution squared prisms. Finally, numerical tests to prove the temporal efficiency and the computational performances of the improved GTE software to compute terrain correction for ground stations are also presented. 相似文献
102.
Marc F. P. Bierkens Victoria A. Bell Peter Burek Nathaniel Chaney Laura E. Condon Cédric H. David Ad de Roo Petra Döll Niels Drost James S. Famiglietti Martina Flörke David J. Gochis Paul Houser Rolf Hut Jessica Keune Stefan Kollet Reed M. Maxwell John T. Reager Luis Samaniego Edward Sudicky Edwin H. Sutanudjaja Nick van de Giesen Hessel Winsemius Eric F. Wood 《水文研究》2015,29(2):310-320
103.
Daniel Karthe Sergey Chalov Vsevolod Moreido Margarita Pashkina Anna Romanchenko Gunsmaa Batbayar Andrei Kalugin Katja Westphal Marcus Malsy Martina Flörke 《Water Resources》2017,44(3):399-416
The Selenga River is the main artery feeding Lake Baikal. It has a catchment of ~450000 km² in the boundary region between Northern Mongolia and Southern Siberia. Climate, land use and dynamic socioeconomic changes go along with rising water abstractions and contaminant loads originating from mining sites and urban wastewater. In the future, these pressures might have negative impacts on the ecosystems of Lake Baikal and the Selenga River Delta, which is an important wetland region in itself and forms the last geobiochemical barrier before the Selenga drains into Lake Baikal. The following study aims to assess current trends in hydrology and water quality in the Selenga-Baikal basin, identify their drivers and to set up models (WaterGAP3 framework and ECOMAG) for the prediction of future changes. Of particular relevance for hydrological and water quality changes in the recent past were climate and land use trends as well as contaminant influx from mining areas and urban settlements. In the near future, additional hydrological modifications due to the construction of dams and abstractions/water diversions from the Selenga’s Mongolian tributaries could lead to additional alterations. 相似文献
104.
A primal C0-conforming virtual element discretization for the approximation of the bidimensional two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in porous media using general polygonal meshes is discussed. This work investigates the potentialities of the Virtual Element Method (VEM) in solving this specific problem of immiscible fluids in porous media involving a time-dependent coupled system of non-linear partial differential equations. The performance of the fully discrete scheme is thoroughly analysed testing it on general meshes considering both a regular problem and more realistic benchmark problems that are of interest for physical and engineering applications.
相似文献105.
Natural Hazards - The return period is a probabilistic criterion used to measure and communicate the random occurrence of geophysical events such as floods in risk assessment studies. Since an... 相似文献
106.
Maren Mohler Johannes Bühl Stephen Doherty Siegfried Eggl Vera Theresa Eybl François Farago Aleksandar Jaćimović Lars Hunger Nynne L. B. Lauritsen David Ludena Martina Meisnar Alexander Reissner Nicolas Sarda Benjamin Toullec Meritxell Viñas Tió 《Experimental Astronomy》2010,28(2-3):101-135
A high level of diversity has already been observed among the planets of our own Solar System. As such, one expects extrasolar planets to present a wide range of distinctive features, therefore the characterisation of Earth- and super Earth-like planets is becoming of key importance in scientific research. The Search (Spectropolarimetric Exoplanet AtmospheRe CHaracerisation) mission proposal of this paper represents one possible approach to realising these objectives. The mission goals of Search include the detailed characterisation of a wide variety of exoplanets, ranging from terrestrial planets to gas giants. More specifically, Search will determine atmospheric properties such as cloud coverage, surface pressure and atmospheric composition, and may also be capable of identifying basic surface features. To resolve a planet with a semi major axis of down to 1.4 AU and 30 pc distant Search will have a mirror system consisting of two segments, with elliptical rim, cut out of a parabolic mirror. This will yield an effective diameter of 9 m along one axis. A phase mask coronagraph along with an integral spectrograph will be used to overcome the contrast ratio of star to planet light. Such a mission would provide invaluable data on the diversity present in extrasolar planetary systems and much more could be learned from the similarities and differences compared to our own Solar System. This would allow our theories of planetary formation, atmospheric accretion and evolution to be tested, and our understanding of regions such as the outer limit of the Habitable Zone to be further improved. 相似文献
107.
Lukas Siebicke Martina Hunner Thomas Foken 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,109(1-2):109-131
Observations of vegetation–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the eddy covariance (EC) technique are limited by difficult conditions such as nighttime and heterogeneous terrain. Thus, advective flux components are included into the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) budget. However, advection measurements are experimentally challenging and do not always help to solve the night flux problem of the EC technique. This study investigates alternative methods for the observation of horizontal advection, in particular horizontal concentration gradients, as well as different approaches to coordinate rotation and vertical advection. Continuous high-frequency measurements of the horizontal CO2 concentration field are employed and compared to the often used discontinuous sequential sampling. Significant differences were found in the case of 30-min mean concentration values between the conventional discontinuous sampling approach and the complete observation of the time series by continuous sampling. Estimates of vertical advection rely on accurate estimates of vertical wind velocity ( $\emph{w}$ ). Therefore, different approaches to the planar fit coordinate rotation have been investigated. Sector-wise rotation was able to eliminate directional dependencies of mean $\emph{w}$ . Furthermore, the effect of the data set length used for rotation (window length) was investigated and was found to have significant impact on estimates of vertical advection, with larger window lengths yielding about 50% larger vertical advection. A sequential planar fit with controlled window length is proposed to give reproducible results. The different approaches to the measurement and calculation of horizontal and vertical advection presented are applied to data obtained during the exchange processes in mountainous region experiment at the FLUXNET site Waldstein–Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay). Estimates of NEE including advection are compared to NEE from turbulent and storage flux alone without advection. NEE including vertical advection with sector-wise planar fit rotation and controlled window length and including horizontal advection from continuous gradient measurements, which were comprehensively bias corrected by a new approach, did compare well with the expected night flux error, with meteorological drivers of the fluxes and with soil chamber measurements. Unrealistically large and noisy values of horizontal advection from the conventional discontinuous sampling approach, which lead to unrealistic values of NEE, could be eliminated by the alternative approaches presented. We therefore suggest the further testing of those approaches at other sites in order to improve the accuracy of advection measurements and, subsequently, estimates of NEE. 相似文献
108.
Martina Tudor 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,108(1-2):57-70
Fog and low stratus forecasting experiments have been carried out with the numerical weather prediction model ALADIN on a case of long lasting fog. The model has been used with different radiation, cloud diagnosing and horizontal diffusion schemes, different representation of orography, increased vertical resolution and with or without prognostic condensates and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Some of the numerical set-ups are able to reproduce the fog (low stratus) field as seen in the satellite images as well as the measured 2m temperature and relative humidity diurnal cycles. The results show that cloud diagnosing schemes and overlap assumptions play a more important role than a more sophisticated radiation scheme, or introduction of prognostic cloud water, ice, rain, snow or TKE. More realistic orography representation and a more physical horizontal diffusion scheme significantly improve the modelled low stratus and 2m temperature in the areas with variable orography. 相似文献
109.
110.
CO2 currently accumulating in the atmosphere permeates into ocean surface layers, where it may impact on marine animals in addition
to effects caused by global warming. At the same time, several countries are developing scenarios for the disposal of anthropogenic
CO2 in the worlds' oceans, especially the deep sea. Elevated CO2 partial pressures (hypercapnia) will affect the physiology of water breathing animals, a phenomenon also considered in recent
discussions of a role for CO2 in mass extinction events in earth history. Our current knowledge of CO2 effects ranges from effects of hypercapnia on acid-base regulation, calcification and growth to influences on respiration,
energy turnover and mode of metabolism. The present paper attempts to evaluate critical processes and the thresholds beyond
which these effects may become detrimental. CO2 elicits acidosis not only in the water, but also in tissues and body fluids. Despite compensatory accumulation of bicarbonate,
acid-base parameters (pH, bicarbonate and CO2 levels) and ion levels reach new steady-state values, with specific, long-term effects on metabolic functions. Even though
such processes may not be detrimental, they are expected to affect long-term growth and reproduction and may thus be harmful
at population and species levels. Sensitivity is maximal in ommastrephid squid, which are characterized by a high metabolic
rate and extremely pH-sensitive blood oxygen transport. Acute sensitivity is interpreted to be less in fish with intracellular
blood pigments and higher capacities to compensate for CO2 induced acid-base disturbances than invertebrates. Virtually nothing is known about the degree to which deep-sea fishes are
affected by short or long term hypercapnia. Sensitivity to CO2 is hypothesized to be related to the organizational level of an animal, its energy requirements and mode of life. Long-term
effects expected at population and species levels are in line with recent considerations of a detrimental role of CO2 during mass extinctions in the earth's history. Future research is needed in this area to evaluate critical effects of the
various CO2 disposal scenarios.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献