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951.
Martin R. Bates Rebecca M. Briant Jean-Luc Schwenninger 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2010,121(4):369-392
The unique Middle and Late Pleistocene sedimentary record preserved along the Sussex/Hampshire Coastal Corridor between Romsey and Brighton contains a wealth of deposits including highstand marine sediments associated with a variety of different aged beaches, fluvial sediments associated with rivers crossing the coastal plain and cold stage deposits accumulating above the marine and fluvial sediments. Although quarrying activity has been extensive across much of the area it has been undertaken in flooded workings due to the high level of the watertable. Consequently little is known in detail about the sequences except where they outcrop on the foreshore around the coast. This paper examines recent work from the lower coastal plain using a multi-disciplinary approach these deposits to elucidate the age of the sequences and their associated environments of deposition.OSL dates from two of the beaches, the Aldingbourne and Brighton/Norton Beaches, place both within MIS 7. Although these OSL dates cannot differentiate between sub-stages within MIS 7, coupling these results with inferences from local geography, lithology and contained microfossils it is clear that the beaches belong to two different phases within MIS 7. These two beaches are clearly divided by a major phase of erosion and downcutting associated with a fall in sea-level. Fluvial sediments from Solent Terrace 2 and Arun Terrace 4 also date within MIS 7 and are tentatively ascribed to the downcutting event between the beaches. Together this information allows us to propose, for the first time, a robust independently dated framework for the lower parts of the coastal plain integrating for the first time the marine and terrestrial record. 相似文献
952.
Günther J. Redhammer Fernando Cámara Matteo Alvaro Fabrizio Nestola Gerold Tippelt Sebastian Prinz Jan Simons Georg Roth Georg Amthauer 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2010,37(10):685-704
A synthetic clinopyroxene with composition LiFe3+Ge2O6, monoclinic s.g. P21/c, a = 9.8792(7), b = 8.8095(5), c = 5.3754(3) Å, β = 108.844(6)°, V = 442.75(16) Å3, has been studied by in situ low- and high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The variation of lattice parameters and the intensity of the b-type reflections (h + k = 2n + 1, only present in the P-symmetry) with increasing temperature showed a displacive phase transition from space group P21/c to C2/c at a transition temperature T tr = 789 K, first order in character, with a sudden volume increase of 1.6% and a decrease of β by 1° at the transition. This spontaneous dilatation is reversible, shows a limited hysteresis of ±10°C, and corresponds to the vanishing of the b-type reflections, thus indicating a symmetry increase to space group C2/c. Below T tr an expansion is observed for all the cell parameters, while the β angle remained almost constant; at T > T tr the thermal volume expansion is due to dilatation of the structure in the $(\bar{1}\,0\,1) A synthetic clinopyroxene with composition LiFe3+Ge2O6, monoclinic s.g. P21/c, a = 9.8792(7), b = 8.8095(5), c = 5.3754(3) ?, β = 108.844(6)°, V = 442.75(16) ?3, has been studied by in situ low- and high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The variation of lattice parameters
and the intensity of the b-type reflections (h + k = 2n + 1, only present in the P-symmetry) with increasing temperature showed a displacive phase transition from space group P21/c to C2/c at a transition temperature T
tr = 789 K, first order in character, with a sudden volume increase of 1.6% and a decrease of β by 1° at the transition. This spontaneous dilatation is reversible, shows a limited hysteresis of ±10°C, and corresponds
to the vanishing of the b-type reflections, thus indicating a symmetry increase to space group C2/c. Below T
tr an expansion is observed for all the cell parameters, while the β angle remained almost constant; at T > T
tr the thermal volume expansion is due to dilatation of the structure in the ([`1] 0 1)(\bar{1}\,0\,1) plane, mostly along [0 1 0], and pure shear in the (0 1 0) plane due to the decrease of β. From comparison with silicate analogues, the germanate clinopyroxenes are more expansible, while the P21/c expands more than the C2/c phase. The evolution of Q
2 (calculated as the normalized intensity of b-type reflections) with T in the framework of the Landau theory has been done using a standard expression for a first order phase transition. We observe
a jump of Q
02 = 0.538(2) at T
tr, with T
c of 481(7) K, b/a = −2,290 K, and c/a = 3,192 K, and thus far from being tri-critical point. A closely related composition (LiFe3+Si2O6) shows an equivalent phase transition at 228 K, which is very close to the tri-critical point and 561 K cooler. This result
indicates that a change in the composition of tetrahedral sites can have dramatic effects on the P21/c ↔ C2/c displacive phase transition in clinopyroxenes. The major changes observed in the evolution of the crystal structure with
T are observed in the M2 polyhedron, with a volume decrease by ca. 13.3%, compared to ca. 1.3% observed in the M1 polyhedron.
The tetrahedra behave as rigid units with neither a significant change of volume at T > T
tr (<1‰), nor a change of tilting of the basal plane. No change in coordination is observed at T > T
tr in the M2 polyhedron, which remains sixfold coordinated although a strong deformation of this polyhedron is observed. This
deformation is related to a strong change by 51.4° at T
tr of the kinking angle (O3–O3–O3 angle) of the B-chain of tetrahedra, which switches from O-rotated to S-rotated [from 143.3(5)°
to 194.7(6)°]. The A-chain is S-rotated at T < T
tr [206.8(5)° at 703 K] and extends by 12° at the transition. 相似文献
953.
Juraj Majzlan Peter Glasnák Robert A. Fisher Mary Anne White Michel B. Johnson Brian Woodfield Juliana Boerio-Goates 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2010,37(9):635-651
Jarosite phases are common minerals in acidic, sulfate-rich environments. Here, we report heat capacities (C
p) and standard entropies (S°) for a number of jarosite samples. Most samples are close to the nominal composition AFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, where A = K, Na, Rb, and NH4. One of the samples has a significant number of defects on the Fe sites and is called the defect jarosite; others are referred
to as A-jarosite. The samples, their compositions, and the entropies at T = 298.15 K are:
There are additional configurational entropies of 13.14 and 8.23 J mol−1 K−1 in defect and NH4-jarosite, respectively. A detailed analysis of the synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns showed a large anisotropic peak
broadening for defect and NH4-jarosite. The fits to the low-temperature (approx. <12 K) C
p data showed that our samples can be divided into two groups. The first group is populated by the K-, Na-, Rb-, and NH4-jarosite samples, antiferromagnetic at low temperatures. The second group contains the H3O-jarosite (studied previously) and the defect jarosite. H3O- and defect jarosite are spin glasses and their low-T
C
p was fit with the expression C
p = γT + ΣB
j
T
j
, where j = (3, 5, 7, 9). The linear term is typical for spin glasses and the sum represents the lattice contribution to C
p. Surprisingly, the C
p of the K-, Na-, Rb-, and NH4-jarosite samples, which are usually considered to be antiferromagnetic at low temperatures, also contains a large linear
term. This finding suggests that even these phases do not order completely, but have a partial spin-glass character below
their Néel transition temperature. 相似文献
Sample | Chemical composition | S o/(J mol−1 K−1) |
---|---|---|
K-jarosite | K0.92(H3O)0.08Fe2.97(SO4)2(OH)5.90(H2O)0.10 | 427.4 ± 0.7 |
Na-jarosite | Na0.95(H3O)0.05Fe3.00(SO4)2(OH)6.00 | 436.4 ± 4.4 |
Rb-jarosite | RbFe2.98(SO4)2(OH)5.95(H2O)0.05 | 411.9 ± 4.1 |
NH4-jarosite | (NH4)0.87(H3O)0.13Fe3.00(SO4)2(OH)6.00 | 447.2 ± 4.5 |
Defect jarosite | K0.94(H3O)0.06Fe2.34(SO4)2(OH)4.01(H2O)1.99 | 412.7 ± 4.1 |
954.
In this article, disasters are understood as processes that have different impacts on social routines in terms of scale, scope
and duration. The extent of adaptive processes in society can provide the ground for a rough classification of disaster types.
Such classification has, on the one hand, practical and analytical advantages. On the other hand, they harbour the danger
of overlooking transitions of scale and discourage comprehensive scale-related learning forms. Based on the disaster scale
by Fischer (Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 1:91–107, 2003), flash floods in mountain rivers and torrents are described as extreme emergencies or small-town disasters. Three given
examples will clearly show that learning rarely takes place within an institutional setting that is subjected to small disasters, because the stakeholder’s focus remains on only one level. Therefore, we propose to implement a system of self-organised
and scale-independent learning, so called deutero learning, within the political subsystem. Following a damaging event, participative
processes that involve all levels should be initialised. Their task would be to assess the combination of causes and draw
conclusions for mitigation measures. An aggregation of these assessments would help the responsible political subsystems to
adapt the current natural disasters policy to the changing environmental conditions. 相似文献
955.
Chemical compositions of tetrahedrite—Ag-rich tetrahedrite—freibergite solid solutions (Ag-rich tetrahedritess) and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz and carbonates of seventeen samples from nine veins in the El Zancudo deposit, Antioquia, Colombia, were investigated to reveal the origin of silver in Ag-rich tetrahedritess, to derive their crystallization temperatures and to examine the relationship between chemical compositions of Ag-rich tetrahedritess and their crystallization temperatures. The ores consist of arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, Ag-rich tetrahedritess, galena, boulangerite, andorite, owyheeite, diaphorite, jamesonite, miargyrite, bournonite, chalcopyrite, and electrum. Ag-rich tetrahedritess forms about 10 volume % of the total ores and is one of the most common and widely distributed sulfosalts in this deposit. Ag-rich tetrahedritess is rich in Ag (1.13 to 31.02 wt%) and Sb (22.93 to 29.82 wt%), and poor in As (0.06 to 2.43 wt%), consistent with the reported incompatibilities of Ag and As in Ag-rich tetrahedritess. The Zn/(Zn + Fe)-, Ag/(Ag + Cu)- and Sb/(Sb + As + Bi)-atomic ratios exhibit some variations among the veins. Ag-rich tetrahedritess with higher Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratios coexist with diaphorite, whereas those with lower ratios are not associated with this sulfosalt. Ag-rich tetrahedritess in the assemblages of Ag-rich tetrahedritess+ sphalerite and of Ag-rich tetrahedritess+ bournonite + galena shows no Zn ↔ Fe and Cu ↔ Ag variations between core and rim, respectively, negating the possibility of solid state reaction during cooling. Ag-rich tetrahedritess is thus regarded as primary phase. Homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and carbonates co-existing with Ag-rich tetrahedritess define the mineralization temperatures of 134 to 263°C. Independent crystallization temperatures of Ag-rich tetrahedrite estimated based on Zn/(Zn + Fe) and Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratios of the Ag-rich tetrahedritess associated with silver minerals such as miargyrite, andorite and diaphorite using Sack's thermochemical database lie in a range between 170 and ∼250°C. Both results are thus in good agreement. 相似文献
956.
Linking geomorphology and hydrodynamics: a case study from Península Valdés, Patagonia, Argentina 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A case study is presented to assess the relevance of geomorphology in hydrogeological phenomena in an arid coastal area in the Argentinean extra-Andean Patagonia (Península Valdés) with an average rainfall of 232 mm/year and a soil moisture deficit of about 472 mm/year. Various geomorphic units were identified by interpreting Landsat 7 satellite images processed with ER Mapper software and then surveyed in the field, as well as by geological characterization. The hydrodynamic analysis was based on a survey of 89 wells, the construction of equipotential maps, and the interpretation of pumping-test results by a non-equilibrium method. The hydrochemical characterization was based on chemical tests analyzed with the Easy_Quim 6.0 application. The combination of geomorphological, geological, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical elements allowed the definition of hydromorphological units that are typical of recharge, circulation and discharge areas, the latter both for coastal and inland areas in wetlands (salt pans) with elevations to ?40 m relative to sea level. These units and the criteria used for their definition allow immediate recognition of hydrogeological phenomena in arid regions such as the extra-Andean Patagonia, with low information density but with near-optimal satellite imaging of landforms due to the lack of vegetation cover. 相似文献
957.
Review: Thermal water resources in carbonate rock aquifers 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Nico Goldscheider Judit Mádl-Szőnyi Anita Erőss Eva Schill 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(6):1303-1318
The current knowledge on thermal water resources in carbonate rock aquifers is presented in this review, which also discusses geochemical processes that create reservoir porosity and different types of utilisations of these resources such as thermal baths, geothermal energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration. Carbonate aquifers probably constitute the most important thermal water resources outside of volcanic areas. Several processes contribute to the creation of porosity, summarised under the term hypogenic (or hypogene) speleogenesis, including retrograde calcite solubility, mixing corrosion induced by cross-formational flow, and dissolution by geogenic acids from deep sources. Thermal and mineral waters from karst aquifers supply spas all over the world such as the famous bath in Budapest, Hungary. Geothermal installations use these resources for electricity production, district heating or other purposes, with low CO2 emissions and land consumption, e.g. Germany’s largest geothermal power plant at Unterhaching near Munich. Regional fault and fracture zones are often the most productive zones, but are sometimes difficult to locate, resulting in a relatively high exploration uncertainty. Geothermal installations in deep carbonate rocks could also be used for CO2 sequestration (carbonate dissolution would partly neutralise this gas and increase reservoir porosity). The use of geothermal installations to this end should be further investigated. 相似文献
958.
Modelling shallow landslide susceptibility: a new approach in logistic regression by using favourability assessment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
María José Domínguez-Cuesta Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez Ana Colubi Gil González-Rodríguez 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(3):661-674
A new method for estimating shallow landslide susceptibility by combining Geographical Information System (GIS), nonparametric
kernel density estimation and logistic regression is described. Specifically, a logistic regression is applied to predict
the spatial distribution by estimating the probability of occurrence of a landslide in a 16 km2 area. For this purpose, a GIS is employed to gather the relevant sample information connected with the landslides. The advantages
of pre-processing the explanatory variables by nonparametric density estimation (for continuous variables) and a reclassification
(for categorical/discrete ones) are discussed. The pre-processing leads to new explanatory variables, namely, some functions
which measure the favourability of occurrence of a landslide. The resulting model correctly classifies 98.55% of the inventaried
landslides and 89.80% of the landscape surface without instabilities. New data about recent shallow landslides were collected
in order to validate the model, and 92.20% of them are also correctly classified. The results support the methodology and
the extrapolation of the model to the whole study area (278 km2) in order to obtain susceptibility maps. 相似文献
959.
The existing procedures for the selection of runout model parameters from back-analyses do not allow integrating different
types of runout criteria and generally lack a systematic approach. A new method based on receiver operating characteristic
(ROC) analyses and aimed at overcoming these limitations is herein proposed. The method consists of estimating discrete classifiers
for every runout simulation associated with a set of model parameters. The set of parameters that yields the best prediction
is selected using ROC metrics and space. The procedure is illustrated with the back-analyses of a rainfall-triggered debris
flow that killed 300–500 people in the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador in 1982. The selected model parameters are used to
estimate forward predictions for scenarios that correspond to different return periods. The proposed procedure may be useful
in the assessment of areas potentially affected by landslides. In turn, this information can be used in the production or
updating of land use plans and zonations, similar to that currently being carried out by the Office for Urban Planning of
the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador in El Salvador. 相似文献
960.
Anthropogenic subsidence in the Mexicali Valley,Baja California,Mexico, and slip on the Saltillo fault 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Ewa Glowacka Olga Sarychikhina Francisco Suárez F. Alejandro Nava Robert Mellors 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,59(7):1515-1524
Deep fluid extraction in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field (CPGF) has caused subsidence and induced slip on tectonic faults
in the Mexicali Valley (Baja California, Mexico). The Mexicali Valley is located in the southern part of the Salton Trough,
at the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates. The Valley is characterized by being a zone of continuous tectonic
deformation, geothermal activity, and seismicity. Within the Cerro Prieto pull-apart basin, seismicity is concentrated mainly
in swarms, while strong earthquakes have occurred in the Imperial and Cerro Prieto transform faults, that are the eastern
and western bound of the basin. Since 1973, fluid extraction at the CPGF has influenced deformation in the area, accelerating
the subsidence and causing rupture (frequently as vertical slip or creep) on the surface traces of tectonic faults. Both subsidence
and fault slip are causing damage to infrastructure like roads, railroad tracks, irrigation channels, and agricultural fields.
Currently, accelerated extraction in the eastern part of CPGF has shifted eastwards the area of most pronounced subsidence
rate; this accelerated subsidence can be observed at the Saltillo fault, a southern branch of the Imperial fault in the Mexicali
Valley. Published leveling data, together with field data from geological surveys, geotechnical instruments, and new InSAR
images were used to model the observed deformation in the area in terms of fluid extraction. Since the electricity production
in the CPGF is an indispensable part of Baja California economy, extraction is sure to continue and may probably increase,
so that the problem of damages caused by subsidence will likely increase in the future. 相似文献