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171.
Osmel Martín Douglas Galante Rolando Cárdenas J. E. Horvath 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2009,321(3-4):161-167
The aim of the present work is to study the potential short-term atmospheric and biospheric influence of Gamma Ray Bursts on the Earth. We focus in the ultraviolet flash at planet’s surface, which occurs as a result of the retransmission of the γ radiation through the atmosphere. This would be the only important short-term effect on life. We mostly consider Archean and Proterozoic eons, and for completeness we also comment on the Phanerozoic. Therefore, in our study we consider atmospheres with oxygen levels ranging from 10?5 to 1 of the present atmospheric level, representing different moments in the oxygen rise history. Ecological consequences and some strategies to estimate their importance are outlined. 相似文献
172.
X. Lana M. D. Martínez A. Burgueño C. Serra 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2009,97(1-2):135-150
Spatial patterns and statistical models for hot and cold events affecting Catalonia (NE Spain) are obtained from series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at 65 meteorological stations throughout the period 1950–2004. The study is based on the crossing theory, taking care that daily temperatures are normally distributed and previous data treatments (removal of trends and periodicities) assure their stationary character. With the aim of facilitating comparisons among different thermometric records, hot and cold events are defined as large departures, given in standard deviations, of daily temperatures from daily averages. From the statistical point of view, the assumption of a normal distribution of the initial date of the events is questionable and a simple assignment of hot events to summer and cold events to winter must be discarded according to the averaged initial dates and their standard deviations. The event magnitudes, defined as the absolute value of their maximum departures, follow an exponential distribution and event lengths can be modelled by an autoregressive Markov process with a Gaussian noise component. The number of events per year fits a Poisson distribution well only for high departures and the whole number of hot and cold events decays exponentially with the increasing departure for every temperature series. This property permits an estimation of the expected maximum departure for every thermometric station during the recording period. Even though spatial features observed for the number of events, their mean initial date, average event magnitude and average event length depict quite complex patterns due to the orography of the country and the vicinity to the Mediterranean Sea, the results obtained improve the knowledge on the hot and cold events in Catalonia. 相似文献
173.
Large basins with relatively wide floors experience heterogeneous nocturnal cooling due to the diversity of the topography
and the land use within the basin. Near mountain ranges the drainage flows prevail, but in low areas, river valleys or embedded
plateaux, the actual rates of cooling differ as does the behaviour of the local flows in the first few metres above the surface.
In this study, the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the surface cooling is inspected through the analysis of satellite
radiative surface temperature, data from a meteorological network and a tall tower. The organisation of the flow within the
basin is also studied by means of a high-resolution numerical mesoscale simulation. Although the basin cools almost as a unit,
there exists a large diversity of local regimes. Vertical profiles from the mesoscale simulation are analysed and grouped
according to their wind structure and stratification. 相似文献
174.
J. H. Kjaersgaard R. H. Cuenca A. Martínez-Cob P. Gavilán F. Plauborg M. Mollerup S. Hansen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2009,98(1-2):57-66
Daily values of net radiation are used in many applications of crop-growth modeling and agricultural water management. Measurements of net radiation are not part of the routine measurement program at many weather stations and are commonly estimated based on other meteorological parameters. Daily values of net radiation were calculated using three net outgoing long-wave radiation models and compared to measured values. Four meteorological datasets representing two climate regimes, a sub-humid, high-latitude environment and a semi-arid mid-latitude environment, were used to test the models. The long-wave radiation models included a physically based model, an empirical model from the literature, and a new empirical model. Both empirical models used only solar radiation as required for meteorological input. The long-wave radiation models were used with model calibration coefficients from the literature and with locally calibrated ones. A measured, average albedo value of 0.25 was used at the high-latitude sites. A fixed albedo value of 0.25 resulted in less bias and scatter at the mid-latitude sites compared to other albedo values. When used with model coefficients calibrated locally or developed for specific climate regimes, the predictions of the physically based model had slightly lower bias and scatter than the empirical models. When used with their original model coefficients, the physically based model had a higher bias than the measurement error of the net radiation instruments used. The performance of the empirical models was nearly identical at all sites. Since the empirical models were easier to use and simpler to calibrate than the physically based models, the results indicate that the empirical models can be used as a good substitute for the physically based ones when available meteorological input data is limited. Model predictions were found to have a higher bias and scatter when using summed calculated hourly time steps compared to using daily input data. 相似文献
175.
Intrinsic and specific vulnerability of groundwater in central Spain: the risk of nitrate pollution 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
The intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater in the Comunidad de Madrid (central Spain) was evaluated using the DRASTIC and GOD indexes. Groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution was also assessed using the composite DRASTIC (CD) and nitrate vulnerability (NV) indexes. The utility of these methods was tested by analyzing the spatial distribution of nitrate concentrations in the different aquifers located in the study area: the Tertiary Detrital Aquifer, the Moor Limestone Aquifer, the Cretaceous Limestone Aquifer and the Quaternary Aquifer. Vulnerability maps based on these four indexes showed very similar results, identifying the Quaternary Aquifer and the lower sub-unit of the Moor Limestone Aquifer as deposits subjected to a high risk of nitrate pollution due to intensive agriculture. As far as the spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate concentrations is concerned, the NV index showed the greatest statistical significance (p?<?0.01). This new type of multiplicative model offers greater accuracy in estimations of specific vulnerability with respect to the real impact of each type of land use. The results of this study provide a basis on which to guide the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones in the Comunidad de Madrid, in line with European Union Directive 91/676/EEC. 相似文献
176.
Pedro Martínez-Santos Pedro E. Martínez-Alfaro Eugenio Sanz Angel Galindo 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(6):1525-1537
Evaluating aquifer–river interactions is naturally complex, particularly within urban settings. This is largely due to the difficulties involved in quantifying most elements of the water balance. The ability of numerical models to deal with several dynamic variables simultaneously makes them valuable tools to address this kind of problem. An applied, modeling-based approach to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of aquifer–river connectivity within a shallow urban aquifer is presented. Model development is based on comprehensive field campaigns in Langreo, Spain. Two calibration runs (for summer and winter conditions) were carried out in order to evaluate the spatial distribution of recharge rates. The model suggests that baseflows are largely negligible in comparison with total streamflows. This is mostly attributed to the abrupt nature of the catchment, which prevents the existence of sufficiently large alluvial systems to a great extent. Modelling results also show that aquifer–river connectivity at the study site is constrained by urban pumping as well as by seasonal fluctuations. 相似文献
177.
A. Burgueño M. D. Martínez C. Serra X. Lana 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,102(1-2):213-226
Amount and time distributions, X and Y, of daily rain amounts in Europe along the second half of 20th century have been studied from 267 rain gauge records. Different geographical features, such as latitude, vicinity to Mediterranean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean or altitude above sea level, cause the averages of daily rain and annual number of rainy days to vary within a wide range. The largest daily percentiles of amount and time distributions are reached at latitudes south of 50°N and in southwestern Norway. The amount of distribution, X, is well-modelled by the exponential function, with parameters derived from probability graphs. Time distributions, Y, are well-fitted by Pearson type III (Gamma) and Weibull models, their parameters being estimated by L-moments. Normalised rainfall curves (NRC) have been modelled by the analytical function $ X = Y \cdot \exp \left\{ { - b{{\left( {1 - Y} \right)}^c}} \right\} $ , with b and c parameters depicting spatial variability. Alternatively, the beta distribution also describes quite well the empirical NRCs, with parameters estimated by statistical moments. The coordinates of the average daily amount (X r , Y r ) and the values of X * and Y * , which are defined as the fraction of rain amount for a half of rainy days and the fraction of number of rainy days accounting for a half of total rain amount, respectively, depict very similar spatial distribution throughout Europe. In fact, X r and X * keep a linear relationship, as well as Y r and Y * , the four coordinates depending on the coefficient of variation of daily rain amounts. A similar linear relationship is found for the pair (X * , Y * ). Finally, the Average Linkage algorithm applied to the coordinates X r , Y r , X * and Y * characterising every one of the 267 NRCs permits to group the rain gauges into several spatial clusters, each of them related to a different normalised daily pluviometric regime. 相似文献
178.
179.
M. Rodrigo-Gámiz F. Martínez-Ruiz F.J. Jiménez-Espejo D. Gallego-Torres V. Nieto-Moreno O. Romero D. Ariztegui 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(15-16):2018-2034
Eolian input fluctuations and paleoceanographic conditions in the western Mediterranean have been reconstructed by using a multi-proxy approach to infer climate variability for the last 20,000 yr. A sediment core from the East Alboran Sea basin provides high-resolution geochemical, mineralogical and grain size distribution records from the Last Glacial Maximum onward. The accurate chronology obtained, closely related with the North Greenland Ice core Project, has provided a detailed paleoclimate reconstruction at the centennial–millennial time scale. Mineral and chemical compositions as well as sediment grain size distribution have been used to establish both fluvial and eolian input variations, deep-water current intensity, and ventilation and productivity conditions at the time of deposition. During the cold period Greenland Stadial-2a, the analyzed proxies evidence significant climate oscillations. Redox proxies, showing marked Mn/Al and Fe/Al peaks, as well as granulometric parameters, support major changes in thermohaline circulation, with active circulation triggered by the Western Mediterranean Deep Water formation. Ba/Al ratios and the presence of authigenic barite point to high productivity during the Last Heinrich event. At this time, Zr/Al, Si/Al and Ti/Al ratios as well as quartz and palygorskite contents also corroborate dryer conditions in the Alboran borderlands, with a major reorganization of atmospheric circulation at the beginning of the deglaciation and during the Last Heinrich event. In contrast, a decreasing trend in the Zr/Al ratio and increasing Mg/Al, K/Al and illite + chlorite/kaolinite ratios would indicate enhanced river runoff and supporting lower eolian dust input and wetter periods during the Bölling–Alleröd. Short-term and abrupt climate oscillations such as the Intra-Alleröd Cold Period are likewise reflected by minor yet conspicuous changes in eolian proxies. During the Younger Dryas, we distinguish an initial cold and dry phase, with major westerlies intensity, thermohaline reactivation, and high productivity levels, and a second wetter phase characterized by sporadic rainfalls over poorly vegetated surrounding continental areas. Then, during the Holocene, alternating phases of major humidity and aridity were recorded by major fluctuations in detrital input. These are also correlated with recurrent forest cover declines reported from pollen records, with a noteworthy early decline in the African Humid Period. During the Holocene, an initial demise of the Last Organic-Rich Layer is also evidenced, tentatively associated with aspiration forces promoted by intense thermohaline circulation through the Gibraltar Strait. 相似文献
180.
J. C. Martínez-Oliveros H. Moradi D. Besliu-Ionescu A.-C. Donea P. S. Cally C. Lindsey 《Solar physics》2007,245(1):121-139
We carried out an electromagnetic acoustic analysis of the solar flare of 14 August 2004 in active region AR10656 from the
radio to the hard X-ray spectrum. The flare was a GOES soft X-ray class M7.4 and produced a detectable sun quake, confirming
earlier inferences that relatively low energy flares may be able to generate sun quakes. We introduce the hypothesis that
the seismicity of the active region is closely related to the heights of coronal magnetic loops that conduct high-energy particles
from the flare. In the case of relatively short magnetic loops, chromospheric evaporation populates the loop interior with
ionised gas relatively rapidly, expediting the scattering of remaining trapped high-energy electrons into the magnetic loss
cone and their rapid precipitation into the chromosphere. This increases both the intensity and suddenness of the chromospheric
heating, satisfying the basic conditions for an acoustic emission that penetrates into the solar interior. 相似文献