New field, petrological, geochemical, and geochronological data (U–Pb and Sm–Nd) for Ordovician rock units in the southeastern Puna, NW Argentina, indicate two lithostratigraphic units at the eastern–northeastern border of salar Centenario: (1) a bimodal volcanosedimentary sequence affected by low- to medium-grade metamorphism, comprising metasediments associated with basic and felsic metavolcanic rocks, dated 485 ± 5 Ma, and (2) a plutonic unit composed of syenogranites to quartz-rich leucogranites with U–Pb zircon ages between 462 ± 7 and 475 ± 5 Ma. Felsic metavolcanic and plutonic rocks are peraluminous and show similar geochemical differentiation trends. They also have similar Sm–Nd isotopic compositions (TDM model ages of 1.54–1.78 Ga; εNd(T) values ranging from −3.2 to −7.5) that suggest a common origin and derivation of the original magmas from older (Meso-Paleoproterozoic?) continental crust. Mafic rocks show εNd(T) ranging from +2.3 to +2.5, indicating a depleted mantle source. The data presented here, combined with those in the literature, suggest Ordovician magmatism mainly recycles preexisting crust with minor additions of juvenile mantle-derived material. 相似文献
Based on two-dimensional gravity modeling, the density section of the lithosphere beneath Taiwan and the surrounding areas is constructed. According to the density parameters, the lithosphere of this region comprises both the continental and oceanic types. The continental lithosphere is lighter than the oceanic one and demonstrates insignificant density differentiation through the entire section. The oceanic lithosphere is more contrasting with respect of both the crust and mantle density. The complicated Taiwan density structure corresponding to Taiwan Island is defined to be superimposed on the transition zone between the continental and oceanic lithospheric blocks. This structure with contrasting density boundaries is characterized by the elevated and high density values of its constituting heterogeneities. The formation of the Taiwan density structure is related to geodynamic processes in the Taiwan area marking the collision zone between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates. 相似文献
Much of the central-western region of Argentina, where San Juan Province is located, experiences arid to semi-arid climatic
conditions with low average annual rainfall accompanied by substantial evapotranspiration. Consequently, a viable crop industry
depends to a large extent upon irrigation from major river systems. Increasing demand for water in the lower basin of the
San Juan River is emphasizing the need for more accurate estimates of water used for irrigation. Since the water demand for
a particular crop is very closely related to crop area, monitoring the area of crop under irrigation is considered a proxy
for the amount of water used. Landsat 5 imagery for the growing season, field data and aerial photographs were used to evaluate
crop area. 相似文献
The Valley of Toluca is a major industrial and agricultural area in Central Mexico, especially the City of Toluca, the capital
of The State of Mexico. The Nevado de Toluca volcano is located to the southwest of The Toluca Basin. Results obtained from
the vulnerability assessment phase of the study area (5,040 km2 and 42 municipalities) are presented here as a part of a comprehensive volcanic risk assessment of The Toluca Basin. Information
has been gathered and processed at a municipal level including thematic maps at 1:250,000 scale. A database has been built,
classified and analyzed within a GIS environment; additionally, a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) approach was applied as
an aid for the decision-making process. Cartographic results were five vulnerability maps: (1) Total Population, (2) Land
Use/Cover, (3) Infrastructure, (4) Economic Units and (5) Total Vulnerability. Our main results suggest that the Toluca and
Tianguistenco urban and industrial areas, to the north and northeast of The Valley of Toluca, are the most vulnerable areas,
for their high concentration of population, infrastructure, economic activity, and exposure to volcanic events. 相似文献
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation for a ground moving target necessitates the compensation of the unknown target trajectory. The keystone transform has been employed to remove the linear component of the range migration for the moving target, where interpolation is required. In this letter, a realization of the keystone transform avoiding interpolation is presented. The kernel of this transform, i.e., the range-frequency-dependent azimuth time rescaling, is implemented using only complex multiplications and fast Fourier transforms based on the scaling principle, which has been successfully applied in the equalization of the space-variant range cell migration in SAR processing. In addition, the moving target is coarsely focused according to the SAR geometry and the platform velocity while exploiting the scaling principle. This preliminary focusing is helpful in the isolation of the moving target from ground clutter, so as to facilitate a more refined processing with respect to each mover. SAR raw data combined with simulated echoes of moving targets are utilized to validate the presented approach 相似文献
With multisatellite radar systems, several additional features are achieved: multistatic observation, interferometry, ground moving target indication (GMTI). In this letter, a new reduced-dimensional method based on joint pixels sum-difference (Sigma-Delta) data for clutter rejection and GMTI is proposed. The reduced-dimensional joint pixels Sigma-Delta data are obtained by the orthogonal projection of the joint pixels data of different synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images generated by a multisatellite radar system. In the sense of statistic expectation, the joint pixels Sigma-Delta data contain the common and different information among SAR images. Then, the objective of clutter cancellation and GMTI can be achieved by adaptive processing. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method even with clutter fluctuation and image coregistration errors 相似文献
Studies on small-world networks have received intensive interdisciplinary attention during the past several years. It is well-known
among researchers that a small-world network is often characterized by high connectivity and clustering, but so far there
exist few effective approaches to evaluate small-world properties, especially for spatial networks. This paper proposes a
method to examine the small-world properties of spatial networks from the perspective of network autocorrelation. Two network
autocorrelation statistics, Moran’s I and Getis–Ord’s G, are used to monitor the structural properties of networks in a process of “rewiring” networks from a regular to a random
network. We discovered that Moran’s I and Getis–Ord’s G tend to converge and have relatively low values when properties of small-world networks emerge. Three transportation networks
at the national, metropolitan, and intra-city levels are analyzed using this approach. It is found that spatial networks at
these three scales possess small-world properties when the correlation lag distances reach certain thresholds, implying that
the manifestation of small-world phenomena result from the interplay between the network structure and the dynamics taking
place on the network.
相似文献
Summary Summer-season (May–September) daily maximum temperature (Tmax) and daily minimum temperature (Tmin) observations and three types of heat spells obtained from these temperature observations at seven weather stations located
in southern Quebec (Canada) for the 60-year period from 1941 to 2000 are studied to assess temporal changes in their characteristics
(i.e. frequency of occurrence, seasonal hot days and extremal durations of heat spells). Type-A and Type-B heat spells are
obtained respectively from Tmax and Tmin observations and Type-C heat spells from simultaneous joint observations of Tmax and Tmin using suitable thresholds and spells of duration ≥1-day and ≥3-day. The results of this investigation show that the majority
of the selected percentiles (i.e. 5P, 10P, 25P, 50P, 75P, 80P, 90P, 92P, 95P, and 98P) of Tmax observations show a negative time-trend with statistically significant decreases (at 10% level) in some of the higher percentiles
and in the maximal values at four out of seven stations. Almost all of the selected percentiles (same as for the Tmax) and the maximal and minimal values of Tmin observations show a positive trend, with statistically significant increases for all seven stations. Examination of frequencies
of occurrence of heat spells, seasonal hot days and annual extremes of heat spell durations indicate that many of these characteristics
of heat spells have undergone statistically significant changes over time at some of the stations for Type-A and Type-B heat
spells as compared to Type-C heat spells. The Type-C heat spells are generally small in number and are found to be relatively
temporally stable. More severe Type-C heat spells, i.e. the ones having Tmax and Tmin values simultaneously above very high thresholds and with duration ≥3-day have been rarely observed in southern Quebec. 相似文献
Turbulent flow in a corn canopy is simulated using large-eddy simulation (LES) with a Lagrangian dynamic Smagorinsky model.
A new numerical representation of plant canopies is presented that resolves approximately the local structure of plants and
takes into account their spatial arrangement. As a validation, computational results are compared with experimental data from
recent field particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and two previous experimental campaigns. Numerical simulation using
the traditional modelling method to represent the canopy (field-scale approach) is also conducted as a comparison to the plant-scale
approach. The combination of temporal PIV data, LES and spatial PIV data allows us to couple a wide range of relevant turbulence
scales. There is good agreement between experimental data and numerical predictions using the plant-scale approach in terms
of various turbulence statistics. Within the canopy, the plant-scale approach also allows the capture of more details than
the field-scale approach, including instantaneous gusts that penetrate deep inside the canopy. 相似文献
The low-frequency evolution of Indian rainfall mean-state and associated interannual-to-decadal variability is discussed for the last 6000 years from a multi-configuration ensemble of fully coupled global transient simulations. This period is marked by a shift of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) distribution towards drier conditions, including extremes, and a contraction of the rainy season. The drying is larger in simulations with higher horizontal resolution of the atmosphere and revised land surface hydrology. Vegetation–climate interactions and the way runoff is routed to ocean modulate the timing of the monsoon onset but have negligible effects on the evolution of seasonal rainfall amounts in our modeling framework in which carbon cycling is always active. This drying trend is accompanied by changes in ISMR interannual-to-decadal variability decreasing over north and south India but increasing over central India (20°–25° N). The ISMR interannual-to-decadal variability is decomposed into six physically consistent regimes using a clustering technique to further characterize its changes and associated teleconnections. From 6 to 3.8 kyr bp, the century-to-century modulations in the frequency of occurrence associated to the regimes are asynchronous between the simulations. Orbitally-driven trends can only be detected for two regimes over the whole 6–0 kyr bp period. These two regimes reflect increased influence of ENSO on both ISMR and Indian Ocean Dipole as the inter-hemispheric energy gradient weakens. Severe long-term droughts are also shown to be a combination of long-term drying and internally generated low-frequency modulations of the interannual-to-decadal variability.