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11.
The attenuation of chemical elements in acidic leachates from coal mineral wastes by soils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The chemical attenuation of acidity and selected elements (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, fluorine,
iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc) in acidic leachates from coal mineral wastes by four natural subsurface soils has been
investigated using laboratory column methods Leachate solutions were allowed to percolate through the soils under simulated
natural flow conditions, and the elemental concentrations in the influents and effluents were measured periodically Elemental
retentions were substantial for all species except managanese, which was eluted in excess from all soils except the most calcareous
Two processes appeared to operate in decreasing influent concentrations: (1) precipitation of solid phases caused by increased
pH of the leachate as it percolated through the soil, and (2) adsorption of elements onto exchange and sorption sites naturally
present in the soil and on iron and aluminum oxide precipitates formed in situ from leachate components because of the increased
pH The soil property most important in retention was its alkalinity Thus, carbonaceous soils provide the best control material
for acidic leachates from coal mineral wastes. Results show that natural soils can substantially reduce pollutant fluxes to
the environment from acidic coal waste dumps and should be considered when selecting waste disposal sites
Performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy 相似文献
12.
13.
Considerable interest exists inthe potential role climate may play in human healthissues, especially regarding the effect of climatechange on vector-borne disease. The Aedesaegypti mosquito, the principal vector for dengue,considered the most important vector-borne viraldisease in the world, is particularly susceptible toclimate variability and climatic change. Here wepresent a modeling analysis focusing on global-scaleassociations between climate and the development,potential distribution, and population dynamics ofAe. aegypti. We evaluate the model by comparingand contrasting model data with observed mosquitodensities. There is good agreement between theobserved and modeled global distribution of themosquito; however, the model results suggest thepotential for increased latitudinal distributionsduring warmer months. Seasonal fluctuations inmosquito abundance also compare well to observed data. Discrepancies possibly reflect the relatively lowresolution of the climate data and model output andthe inability of the model to account for localmicroclimate effects, especially in coastal areas.Future modeling efforts will involve study ofinterannual variability in mosquito dynamics. 相似文献
14.
The uppermost surface of the ocean forms a peculiarly important ecosystem, the sea surface microlayer (SML). Comprising the top 1–1000 μm of the ocean surface, the SML concentrates many chemical substances, particularly those that are surface active. Important economically as a nursery for fish eggs and larvae, the SML unfortunately is also especially vulnerable to pollution. Contaminants that settle out from the air, have low solubility, or attach to floatable matter tend to accumulate in the SML.Bubbles contribute prominently to the dynamics of air–sea exchanges, playing an important role in geochemical cycling of material in the upper ocean and SML. In addition to the movement of bubbles, the development of a bubble cloud interrelates with the single particle dynamics of all other bubbles and particles. In the early sixties, several in situ oceanographic techniques revealed an “unbelievably immense” number of coastal bubbles of radius 15–300 μm. The spatial and temporal variation of bubble numbers were studied; acoustical oceanographers now use bubbles as tracers to determine ocean processes near the ocean surface. Sea state and rain noises have both been definitively ascribed to the radiation from huge numbers of infant micro bubbles [The Acoustic Bubble. Academic Press, San Diego].Our research programme aims at constructing a hydrodynamic model for particle transport processes occurring at the microscale, in multi-phase flotation suspensions. Current research addresses bubble and floc microhydrodynamics as building blocks for a microscale transport model. This paper reviews sea surface transport processes in the microlayer and the lower atmosphere, and identifies those amenable to microhydrodynamic modelling and simulation. It presents preliminary simulation results including the multi-body hydrodynamic mobility functions for the modelling of “dynamic bubble filters” and floc suspensions. Hydrodynamic interactions versus spatial anisotropy and size of particle clouds are investigated. 相似文献
15.
Marine fish farming is increasing rapidly in the Mediterranean and in contrast to the Atlantic the coastal zone in the Mediterranean is characterized by clear waters with high transparency. This allows benthic primary producers such as the slow-growing seagrass Posidonia oceanica to grow at large depths at locations suitable for fish farming and generating a conflict between the conservation of these meadows and the growth of aquaculture operations in the Mediterranean. In this paper we review the current knowledge on environmental interactions between fish farming and benthic primary producers with particular focus on P. oceanica, as this seagrass is a key component along Mediterranean coasts. The recovery times of P. oceanica are very long, in the order of centuries, and losses of this species are thus considered to be irreversible at managerial time scales. 相似文献
16.
Marianne Mareschal 《Surveys in Geophysics》1986,8(3):261-300
Traditional interpretation of regional induction studies relies on the assumption that the external inducing field is quasi-form. My review is devoted to as clear as possible a definition of the limitations of this assumption, which is not always justified. Therefore, I will first systematically describe the actual current systems responsible for induction at high, middle or low-latitudes, and then review the means presently available for taking their localised nature into consideration when interpretating surface electromagnetic data. Realistic source models will be presented for all latitudes.
Résumé Les méthodes géophysiques traditionnelles basées sur l'induction électromagnétique régionale utilisent toutes l'hypothèse de base suivant laquelle le champ externe inducteur est quasi-uniforme. Puisque cette hypothèse n'est pas toujours justifiable, ma revue a pour but de définir ses limites aussi clairement que possible. Pour ce faire, je décrirai d'abord systématiquement les véritables systèmes de courants responsables de l'induction à hautes, moyennes ou basses latitudes, pour passer ensuite aux méthodes permettant de prendre en considération leur étendue limitée lors de l'interprétation d'observations de surface. Des modèles réalistes de sources seront présentés pour toutes latitudes.相似文献
17.
Dieter H. W. Peters Andrea Schneidereit Marianne Bügelmayer Christoph Zülicke Ingo Kirchner 《大气与海洋》2015,53(1):74-88
AbstractIn a sensitivity study, the influence of an observed stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly on the atmospheric circulation was investigated using the Fifth Generation European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) which is a general circulation model. The model was run from 1960 to 1999 (40 years) with a mean seasonal cycle of zonally symmetric ozone. In order to isolate the induced dynamical influence of the observed zonally asymmetric part of the three-dimensional stratospheric ozone, a second run was performed for the boreal extratropics using prescribed monthly means from the 40-year reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40). The main findings are the interdecadal westward shift of the polar vortex at about 65°N and a significant increase in the number of stratospheric sudden warmings during the 1980–99 period. Under the action of zonally asymmetric ozone a decrease in the Arctic Oscillation was identified between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s. The lag correlation between the mean Arctic Oscillation at the surface and the daily stratospheric northern annular mode increased in mid-winter. Furthermore, we examined the influence of the stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly on Rossby wave breaking in the upper troposphere and found a significant westward shift of poleward Rossby wave breaking events over western Europe in the winter. By this we show that the stratospheric zonal ozone anomaly has a strong influence on the tropospheric circulation as a result of enhanced dynamical coupling processes. 相似文献
18.
Multi-zone fusion crust formation and classification of the 2004 Auckland meteorite (L6, S5, and W0)
James M. Scott Marianne Negrini Kevin Faure Marshall C. Palmer Derek R. Knaack Matthew I. Leybourne 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2023,58(3):328-340
On June 12, 2004, a meteorite passed through Earth's atmosphere and landed under the television in the living room of a house in Auckland, New Zealand. Textural characteristics, the chemistry of olivine (Fa23–24) and orthopyroxene (Fs20.7), and the bulk rock triple oxygen isotopes (δ17O + 3.1; δ18O + 4.2‰) from the interior of the completely unweathered (W0) 1.3 kg meteorite, hereafter referred to as Auckland, suggest it to be a strongly metamorphosed fragment from the interior of a low iron ordinary chondrite (L6) parent asteroid. The occurrence of maskelynite but shock fracturing of olivine and pyroxene indicates Auckland experienced extreme shock metamorphism (S5), likely during Ordovician fragmentation of the asteroid parent. The fusion crust consists of three zones: (1) an innermost zone containing narrow Fe-Ni-S-bearing veins that migrated along pre-existing shock fractures in olivine and pyroxene; (2) a middle zone in which the meteorite partially melted to form a silicate glass and immiscible blebs of metal and troilite, and is accompanied by unmelted silicate minerals; and (3) an approximately 0.1 mm wide vesicular-rich outermost layer that largely melted, volatilizing sulfides, before quenching to form glass and olivine. Oxygen isotope values of the bulk rock and/or maskelynite of melted rim and modified substrate are 2–3‰ greater than the meteorite interior and indicate that up to 19% of terrestrial atmospheric O2 was incorporated into the fusion crust during the formation. The fusion crust migrated inwards as ablation occurred, enabling melting, migration, and re-precipitation ± loss of sulfide and metal components, with the prominent glassy rim therefore forming from an already chemically modified zone. 相似文献
19.
Marianne Bosli-Pavoni 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1970,32(2):570-590
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
20.
Persistent halogenated compounds in black guillemots (Cepphus grylle) from Greenland--levels, compound patterns and spatial trends 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Twenty-seven black guillemot eggs and 39 livers were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides including chlordane-related compounds and toxaphene, and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). The samples were collected at Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn, West Greenland) and Ittoqqortoormiit (Scoresbysund, East Greenland). The concentrations of halogenated organic compounds in samples from East Greenland were somewhat higher than the corresponding concentrations from West Greenland. Differences in compound patterns were found between West and East Greenland, with higher percentages of the heavier PCB molecules, p,p(')-DDE and alpha-HCH in the samples from Ittoqqortoormiit. Similarly, different levels and different compositions were observed for eggs and livers. The eggs had generally higher concentrations of all compounds as well as higher percentages of CHB-50, CHB-62 and alpha-HCH than liver samples from the same area. Dividing the liver samples into age groups revealed increasing concentrations with age. 相似文献