A natural language processing and geospatial clustering framework for harvesting local place names from geotagged housing advertisements

Local place names are frequently used by residents living in a geographic region. Such place names may not be recorded in existing gazetteers, due to their vernacular nature, relative insignificance to a gazetteer covering a large area (e.g. the entire world), recent establishment (e.g. the name of a newly-opened shopping center) or other reasons. While not always recorded, local place names play important roles in many applications, from supporting public participation in urban planning to locating victims in disaster response. In this paper, we propose a computational framework for harvesting local place names from geotagged housing advertisements. We make use of those advertisements posted on local-oriented websites, such as Craigslist, where local place names are often mentioned. The proposed framework consists of two stages: natural language processing (NLP) and geospatial clustering. The NLP stage examines the textual content of housing advertisements and extracts place name candidates. The geospatial stage focuses on the coordinates associated with the extracted place name candidates and performs multiscale geospatial clustering to filter out the non-place names. We evaluate our framework by comparing its performance with those of six baselines. We also compare our result with four existing gazetteers to demonstrate the not-yet-recorded local place names discovered by our framework.     

Purification and characterization of an alkaline protease from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Micrococcus</Emphasis> sp. isolated from the South China Sea

Protease is wildly used in various fields, such as food, medicine, washing, leather, cosmetics and other industrial fields. In this study, an alkaline protease secreted by Micrococcus NH54PC02 isolated from the South China Sea was purified and characterized. The growth curve and enzyme activity curve indicated that the cell reached a maximum concentration at the 30th hour and the enzyme activity reached the maximum value at the 36th hour. The protease was purified with 3 steps involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and hydrophobic chromatography with 8.22-fold increase in specific activity and 23.68% increase in the recovery. The molecular mass of the protease was estimated to be 25 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. The optimum temperature and pH for the protease activity were 50°C and pH 10.0, respectively. The protease showed a strong stability in a wide range of pH values ranging from 6.0–11.0, and maintained 90% enzyme activity in strong alkaline environment with pH 11.0. Inhibitor trials indicated that the protease might be serine protease. But it also possessed the characteristic of metalloprotease as it could be strongly inhibited by EDTA and strongly stimulated by Mn²⁺. Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS) showed that the protease might belong to the peptidase S8 family.     

塔里木河下游胡杨径向生长量对生态输水的响应

 以塔里木河下游的胡杨径向生长量为研究对象,借鉴树木年轮水文学的方法,采用单因素方差分析方法,从数理统计学的角度分析了胡杨径向生长量对生态输水的响应过程。结果表明: ①距离河道300 m范围内,生态输水前后及输水期间各年份之间,胡杨的径向生长量在0.001的水平上差异极显著,胡杨对生态输水的响应非常积极; ②距离河道300 m范围外,胡杨的径向生长量在0.05的水平上差异不显著,胡杨对生态输水的响应不积极; ③线性的生态输水只是缓解了河道附近植被的衰退,改善了局部生态环境,却无法从根本上缓解整个塔里木河下游生态环境的恶化,塔里木河下游的生态环境呈现出局部改善、整体恶化的趋势。     

应用遥感数据研究中国植被生态系统与气候的关系

应用1982-1994年NOAA/AVHRR的归一化植被指数（NDVI）资料和587个气象台站的数据对我国不同类型植被生态系统和气候的关系进行研究，首先将我国的植被类型划分为21类，在此基础上分别研究了不同时间尺度下我国不同区域，不同植被类型和气候的关系。结果表明：在多年平均状态下，植被生态系统NDVI水平主要受水分条件的影响；年内变化上，温度对植被生态系统季相变化化起着比降水略大的作用，年降水量造成了植被季相响应的差异，在年际变化上，分别研究了4个季节和整个生长期尺度上的关系，一般情形为温度和降水对植被的年际波动起着大致相反的作用，不同植被类型在不同的生长时期（季节）对气候的变化响应方式也不同，发现在植被的生长期，我国南方和北方的植被生态系统对温度和降水的响应方式相反；同时存在2个植被-气候敏感区，分别为我国北方的典型草原到森林的过渡区和云南中部部分区域。     

荒漠草地植物多样性对肥料添加的响应

选择古尔班通古特沙漠南缘典型丘间低地荒漠草地,采用完全随机区组设计,通过设置8个肥料添加处理（CK、N、P、K、NP、NK、PK、NPK）,研究了荒漠草地植物多样性对不同肥料添加处理的响应,得出以下结论:（1）研究区植被丰富度指数在P、NP、PK肥添加的作用下显著增加,而其余处理对其影响不显著, NK处理使研究区植被丰富度指数下降;多度指数在不同肥料添加下表现出与丰富度指数相同的特征;（2）不同施肥处理对荒漠草地的生物多样性有不同程度的影响:P肥、NP肥的添加使Simpson指数、Shannon-Weiner指数和Pielou指数与对照（CK）相比显著增加（p＜0.05）,表明P肥添加、NP肥添加是增加新疆荒漠草地生物多样性的有效措施;（3）植被丰富度指数在年际间的变化表现为:2009年开始施肥,2010年丰富度指数下降,2012年丰富度指数上升,即随着施肥时间的推移,同一块样地丰富度指数呈先下降后增加的趋势,均匀度指数随时间呈上升趋势。     

Water status in winter wheat grown under salt stress

1 IntroductionSalinization is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid regions in relation to land use and in particular to agricultural production[1]. Excessive salinity leads to toxicity in crops and reduction of the availability of water to crops, by reducing the osmotic potential of the soil solution[2]. Movement of soil water induces solute transport, and solutes are transferred towards the ground surface by the upward soil-water movement caused by evaporation, resulting in an accu…     

Elastic anisotropy of ferromagnesian post-perovskite in Earth's D” layer

We report experimental observation of a sizable elastic anisotropy in a polycrystalline sample of ferromagnesian silicate in post-perovskite (ppv) structure. Using a novel composite X-ray transparent gasket to contain and synthesize ppv in a panoramic diamond-anvil cell along with oblique X-ray diffraction geometry, we observed the anisotropic lattice strain and {1 0 0} or {1 1 0} slip-plane texture in the sample at 140 GPa. We deduced the elasticity tensor (c_ij), orientation-dependent compressional wave velocities, polarization-dependent shear-wave velocities, and the velocity anisotropy of the silicate ppv. Our results are consistent with calculations and indicate that with sufficient preferred orientation, the elastic anisotropy of this phase can produce large shear-wave splitting.     

煤矿地理信息系统数据模型的研究

地下煤矿开采所面对的空间目标具有灰色、动态变化的特征。本文在分析煤矿空间信息特点的基础上,提出了实用于煤矿的地理信息系统数据模型。这些数据模型包括全要素的结构化不规则三角网（ＴＩＮ）与ＧＩＳ一体化数据模型以及网状模型。     

The Geography,Structure, and Evolution of the GIS Research Community in the US: A Network Analysis from 1992 to 2011

The research community of Geographic Information Systems and Science (GIS) has been growing rapidly during the last two decades. Little attention has been paid to understanding its geography, structure and evolution. Taking a new organizational perspective, this article aims to fill the knowledge gap by analyzing collaboration and citation networks between GIS research organizations, including academic institutions, government agencies, businesses, and others. These two networks are analyzed in geographical and bibliographical spaces, respectively, to discover characteristic distributions and structures. The results show an uneven geographic distribution of GIS research organizations, and clustered spatial interactions between them. Both collaboration and citation networks exhibit typical “scale‐free” structures, which came into being around the year 2000 and have remained to the present. Further, the GIS research community is composed of 11 cohesive sub‐groups, with each having a clear hub‐spoke structure and a few highly connected organizations as leaders. These results shed light on the overall picture of the GIS research community, and offer a reference system that stimulates further exploration.