Spectral Analysis based on Wavelet Transform Maxima: Identification of Multi-order Stratigraphic Boundaries and Cycles

In sedimentology, stratigraphic sequences and cycles are ordered by time spans and physical scales, such as thickness, and bounded by discontinuities, including unconformities or flooding surfaces. Spectral analysis based on wavelet transform (WT) maxima is proposed and used as a quantitative tool to identify multi-order stratigraphic boundaries and cycles in well log data. The proposed spectral analysis is based on quantitative analysis on the center frequencies and resolutions of Gaussian wavelets in time and frequency, and uses a combination of the WT maxima based on both the first order Gaussian wavelet having a high time resolution and the seventh order Gaussian wavelet having a high frequency resolution. WT maxima spectra, which can characterize the evolution of WT maxima across scales and periods along WT maxima lines concerned with sequence boundaries, are used to detect dominant spectral peaks corresponding to the time-period domain WT maxima and to determine WT maxima spectral slopes. The WT maxima spectral slopes are helpful for discriminating sequence boundaries from intrasequence cyclic variations in well log data, and the time-period domain WT maxima are used to relate the detected boundaries to relevant cycles. The interval WT maxima spectra and the stationary index, related to the WT maxima spectra, are introduced as indicators that can be used for the hierarchical ordering of the boundaries and cycles. Application of the proposed method to well log data shows that the suggested method is efficient in identifying multi-order sequences that relate well to the Milankovitch cycles.

     

华南地区二叠纪-三叠纪界线酸性火山灰的源区与规模

华南地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交(Permian-Triassic Boundary,简称PTB)火山灰与生物灭绝事件在地层层位上高度相关,可能是灭绝事件的触发因素之一,对其成因、来源和规模的研究具有重要科学意义。本研究在对广西来宾地区蓬莱滩剖面大隆组顶部凝灰质砂岩岩相学研究的基础上,通过碎屑锆石年代学、Hf同位素及微量元素的分析,结合华南地区PTB凝灰岩和火山粘土岩时空分布特征对其源区和规模进行讨论和限定。蓬莱滩剖面大隆组顶部2个凝灰质砂岩样品中81%的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄集中在235±2.7Ma~258±4.8Ma之间,呈现出~252Ma的单一峰值;11%的锆石年龄为260±3.2Ma~276±3.6Ma;年龄为294±5.8Ma~561±6.9Ma的锆石6颗;元古宙锆石5颗,最老年龄为2063±13.4Ma。样品中晚二叠世碎屑锆石的Hf同位素表现出地壳来源特征,除一颗锆石值为+10.3外,其余均落在-16.5~-5.0之间,与华南PTB典型剖面基本一致。碎屑锆石U-Th-Hf-Nb微量元素特征显示其具有来源于大陆岩浆弧的属性。蓬莱滩剖面凝灰质砂岩中存在大量粒径0.5~2mm的晶屑,部分粒径甚至达到3mm,这些粗粒火山碎屑物暗示该剖面距离火山口源区较近。蓬莱滩剖面火山碎屑物的锆石U-Pb年龄和地层位置与华南PTB火山灰基本一致,并具有相似的锆石Hf同位素和微量元素特征,表明两者可能来自同一源区。在空间分布上,华南地区PTB附近的火山碎屑沉积岩和较粗的凝灰岩仅出现在华南的西南部,而华南北部主要分布粒度小于0.3mm的细粒火山灰,火山碎屑粒度由西南向东北逐渐减小的规律表明火山物质来源于华南西南缘。近年来,包括海南岛二叠纪花岗岩及桂西南酸性火山岩在内的众多证据表明华南板块西南缘存在一个二叠纪大陆岩浆弧。因此,本文提出华南PTB火山灰可能来源于华南板块西南缘古特提斯大陆岩浆弧。PTB火山灰仅分布在华南地区,在华北、西北等地区均未发现或报道同时期的火山灰,说明与这次俯冲作用相关的弧岩浆火山喷发规模有限,推测其不是触发全球性PTB生物灭绝事件的主要原因。     

大华北地区应变参数时空变化统计分析

选取辽宁省、河北省、山西省、山东省、江苏省、湖北省部分观测质量好的应变数据,计算和统计2012~2016-05-15期间区域应变参数--最大主应变、最小主应变、主方向、最大剪应变变化情况,并结合区域3级以上地震统计情况分析相应区域的短期地震活动性。     

四川巴塘地热田水文地球化学特征及成因

地下热水的地球化学特征能够揭示深部地热过程。川西巴塘地区域地热资源丰富,但当前研究程度较低。为进一步查明川西地区地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,揭示热循环机理,定量评估研究区热储温度、冷水混入比例、热循环深度等,利用巴塘热坑和巴塘热水塘两处地热田共20组温泉水样进行水化学分析和氢氧同位素分析,进行定量计算,并分析巴塘地区地下热水的演化过程。结果表明:巴塘地区地下热水主要为HCO3—Na型;水中Sr2+、Li+和F-与Cl-的相关性不佳;主要受大气降雨补给;冷水混入比例为64%~68%,未混入冷水时深部热储温度为218~229 ℃,热储循环深度4 546.32~4 777.89 m;Na+、HCO-3、SiO2浓度在热水循环过程中变化相对较大。说明Sr2+、Li+和F-只来自于水岩作用的矿物溶解,且该地区地下水补给主要来自于大气降水,川西地区地热水于围岩发生水岩作用,进行离子交换,在完成一系列水化学作用及水岩作用后,升至地表,最终形成温泉水。研究成果可为川西巴塘地区地热研究提供数据支撑及理论支持,同时也为川西整体区域地热研究提供方法借鉴,为研究区地下水开发利用研究提供参考。     

维系塔里木河的生命健康——塔里木河生命健康的内涵与诊断

塔里木河是我国乃至世界的最大内陆河,历史上环塔里木盆地的九大水系都对塔里木河干流有贡献,由于源流区人类活动影响和气候变化干扰,近50年来补给塔里木河干流的源流条数已减到四条,水量也在不断减少,加之塔里木河干流区上中游耗水严重,导致20世纪后期下游水量持续减少和水质盐化,生态环境恶化,已威胁到塔里木河的生命健康.为此,自2000年开始,实施了以恢复塔里木河下游绿色走廊为代表的修复河流生态系统的世纪工程,然而,维系塔里木河生命健康是一项长期而艰巨的历史任务.提出维持塔里木河生命健康的内涵包括6个方面内容,并从5个方面对河流生命健康功能进行诊断,最终给出了5条建议.突出生命健康的内涵与诊断,阐述塔里木河生命含义,为内陆河流域人水和谐共处,制定塔里木河流域长远的规划和近期的治河体系提供参考.     

青海木里煤田外力哈达矿区侏罗系层序地层与聚煤作用

利用钻孔岩心数据,对青海北部木里煤田外力哈达矿区侏罗纪湖盆相陆源碎屑含煤岩系进行了层序地层学和聚煤作用的研究。研究区侏罗系共划分出5个三级层序及相应的体系域。在每个层序中,低位体系域由河道相或分流河道相灰白色粗砂岩、细砂岩组成,湖侵体系域由泛滥盆地相或分流间湾相砂质泥岩组成,高位体系域由湖泊相或分流间湾沼泽相泥岩和碳质泥岩组成。厚煤层主要形成于层序S1的湖侵体系域中期,高位体系域和低位体系域基本没有煤层发育。这主要是在湖侵体系域中期,由于可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率相平衡,因此,在三角洲平原分流间湾环境易形成较厚的煤层。     

Initial validation of GOCI water products against in situ data collected around Korean peninsula for 2010–2011

This paper provides initial validation results for GOCI-derived water products using match-ups between the satellite and ship-borne in situ data for the period of 2010?C2011, with a focus on remote-sensing reflectance (R _rs ). Match-up data were constructed through systematic quality control of both in situ and GOCI data, and a manual inspection of associated GOCI images to identify pixels contaminated by cloud, land and inter-slot radiometric discrepancy. Efforts were made to process and quality check the in situ R _rs data. This selection process yielded 32 optimal match-ups for the R _rs spectra, chlorophyll a concentration (Chl_a) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and with 20 match-ups for suspended particulate matter concentration (SPM). Most of the match-ups are located close to shore and thus the validation should be interpreted limiting to near-shore coastal waters. The R _rs match-ups showed the mean relative errors of 18?C33% for the visible bands with the lowest 18?C19% for the 490 nm and 555 nm bands and 33% for the 412 nm band. Correlation for the R _rs match-ups was high in the 490?C865 nm bands (R²=0.72?C0.84) and lower in the 412 nm band (R²=0.43) and 443 nm band (R²=0.66). The match-ups for Chl_a showed a low correlation (<0.41) although the mean absolute percentage error was 35% for the GOCI standard Chl_a. The CDOM match-ups showed an even worse comparison with R²<0.2. These match-up comparison for Chl_a and CDOM would imply the difficulty to estimate Chl_a and CDOM in near-shore waters where the variability in SPM would dominate the variability in R _rs . Clearly, the match-up statistics for SPM was better with R²=0.73 and 0.87 for two evaluated algorithms, although GOCI-derived SPM overestimated low concentration and underestimated high concentration. Based on this initial match-up analysis, we made several recommendations -1) to collect more offshore under-water measurements of the R _rs data, 2) to include quality flags in level-2 products, 3) to introduce an ISRD correction in the GOCI processing chain, 4) to investigate other types of in-water algorithms such as semianalytical ones, and 5) to investigate vicarious calibration for GOCI data and to maintain accurate and consistent calibration of field radiometric instruments.     

Perturbation of regional ocean tides due to coastal dikes

The tidal regime modeling system for ocean tides in the seas bordering the Korean Peninsula is designed to cover an area that is broad in scope and size, yet provide a high degree of resolution in coastal development areas, including the Saemangeum area in the eastern Yellow Sea and the Ariake Sea in Japan, where serious environmental problems have occurred after the completion of interior tidal dikes. With this simulation system, we have estimated the changes in tidal regime due to barriers at Saemangeum and Isahaya Bay in the Ariake Sea. Some results in terms of perturbations in tidal elevations due to the construction of coastal dikes are presented and discussed.     

双高期油藏层内非均质对剩余油的影响及分析

针对辽河油田J16块油层厚度大,层内非均质严重的特点,通过地震精细解释,细分韵律段,构建等时地层格架,精细刻画了单砂体内部构架,研究表明,纵向剩余油集中在反韵律厚层的顶部,主要受上部隔层、下部夹层及重力影响.2008年挖潜井在厚层顶部投产取得了较好的效果,说明对于双高期油藏层内非均质对剩余油的分布具有控制作用,这对进一步挖掘老区油藏潜力,提高采收率都具有很重要的意义.     

分层气流过地形的稳定性及其对飞行的影响分析

基于不可压缩流体包辛内斯克方程组,利用傅里叶变换法和流动内边界条件,研究了两层气流和多层模式气流过地形引起飞机载荷因素变化的解析解和流动的稳定性及其飞机颠簸产生的数值仿真实验.研究结果表明在分层模式气流中,分层急流和地形的相互作用,在大气层结稳定的条件下,由于惯性不稳定常在高压反气旋区域产生飞机颠簸,而天气尺度对流不稳定常在低压气旋区域引起飞机颠簸,可能是飞机经过山脉地区急流附近飞机颠簸产生的两种可能机制.有利于改进航空飞机颠簸预报方法,增强航空飞行气象保障能力.