Investigation of Primary Factors Affecting the Variation of Modeled Oak Pollen Concentrations: A Case Study for Southeast Texas in 2010

Oak pollen concentrations over the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria (HGB) area in southeastern Texas were modeled and evaluated against in-situ data. We modified the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to include oak pollen emission, dispersion, and deposition. The Oak Pollen Emission Model (OPEM) calculated gridded oak pollen emissions, which are based on a parameterized equation considering a plant-specific factor (C _e ), surface characteristics, and meteorology. The simulation period was chosen to be February 21 to April 30 in the spring of 2010, when the observed monthly mean oak pollen concentrations were the highest in six years (2009-2014). The results indicated C _e and meteorology played an important role in the calculation of oak pollen emissions. While C _e was critical in determining the magnitude of oak pollen emissions, meteorology determined their variability. In particular, the contribution of the meteorology to the variation in oak pollen emissions increased with the oak pollen emission rate. The evaluation results using in-situ surface data revealed that the model underestimated pollen concentrations and was unable to accurately reproduce the peak pollen episodes. The model error was likely due to uncertainty in climatology-based C _e used for the estimation of oak pollen emissions and inaccuracy in the wind fields from the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model.     

Observation and Numerical Simulation of Cold Clouds and Snow Particles in the Yeongdong Region

The Yeongdong region of the Korean Peninsula is vulnerable to high-impact weather events, because of its complicated geographical characteristics and East Sea effect, such that heavy snowfall episodes have frequently occurred in winter. Snow crystal play an important role in cloud and precipitation physics because it is an essential element for improvement of numerical model, and remote sensing retrieval such as radar and satellite. In this study, the high-temporal resolution (3-hourly) dataset of radiosonde soundings and snow particle photographs during the intensive observation period for 2013–2016 has been used to understand characteristics of snow particles for the different meteorological conditions in the Yeongdong region. We also attempt to simulate two episodes that occurred on 23–24 February and 13–14 December 2016; one has a single-layered cloud and the other has two-layered cloud structure. This study demonstrates that the rimed particles in the first period tend to shift to aggregates of dendrites with the decrease of 850-hPa temperature. In general, the low-level clouds in the Yeongdong region are observed along with the distinctive wind shear and strong inversion in equivalent potential temperature around 2 ~ 3 km above the sea level. The simulation successfully represents the variations of the characteristics of snow particles as well as different cloud structure for both episodes. The observation and model simulations clearly suggest that snow particles primarily depend on the 850-hPa temperature.     

Effects of Non-orographic Gravity Wave Drag on Seasonal and Medium-range Predictions in a Global Forecast Model

This study implements the parameterizations of convective and frontal gravity wave drag (GWD) with wide phase speed spectra into a global forecast model with a model top near 0.3 hPa. The new convective GWD scheme replaces the existing one that considers only a stationary convective GW, and the frontal GWD scheme is newly introduced. When the new GWD schemes are used, the Rayleigh friction, applied above 2 hPa to mimic the effects of missing GWD, is removed. The convective (frontal) GWs are generated mainly in the Intertropical Convergence Zone and winter extratropical storm track regions (extratropics where strong baroclinicity exists). The convective and frontal GWD derived from the new schemes are significant near the model top, with maxima of ~2-4 and ~26-58 m s^?1 day^?1, respectively. The differences in convective GWD between the stationary and non-stationary schemes appear mainly in the tropics and summer hemisphere, where stationary GWs cannot propagate upward. The new schemes improve the seasonal representation of stratospheric wind, through changes in both the GWD and the resolved wave forcing, which is modulated by the changed large-scale wind due to the GWD. The downward influence, in response to the changed GWD, is also positive in the tropospheric fields, such as subtropical jet and planetary-scale disturbances. For the medium-range forecasts, improved skill scores on wind speed are achieved globally with the new schemes. The improvements mostly appear only in the stratosphere during the early forecast period (~3 days) but expand to the troposphere as forecast time increases.     

一种基于射频识别的气象探测装备动态信息管理平台设计

为不断提高气象探测装备保障业务的科技含量与信息化水平,亟待建立高效及时的相关管理平台。本文结合北京市气象装备管理的实际情况和业务需求,设计了一种基于射频识别(Radio Frequency Identification,RFID)的气象探测装备动态信息管理平台,对平台结构设计进行相关阐述,重点分析了平台基于RFID技术的信息传输以及详细功能,并针对平台建设提出一些思考与展望。     

称重雨量数据处理卡尔曼滤波应用

降雨量的测量,目前业务上应用较为广泛的是翻斗式雨量计,它只能测降雨,对于冰雹、降雪等固态降水的测量采用人工观测为主,称重式雨量计与翻斗式雨量计相比,其优势在于能实现所有类型降水的全天候自动化观测。本研究随机选择了一天无降水数据确定了滤波参数Q和R(过程噪声方差和观测噪声方差),根据确定的滤波参数,随机选择了无降水(2016年4月3日)和有降水(2015年7月21日、2015年8月7日)日采用卡尔曼滤波,并结合翻斗雨量传感器数据进行验证,结果表明,本研究确定的滤波参数采用卡尔曼滤波后能够有效去除称重雨量中的噪声,使滤波后的曲线变得平稳光滑,减小了数据的抖动频率和误差。     

南极普里兹湾及邻近南大洋水体N_2O分布特征

利用中国第25、26次南极科学考察航次获得南极普里兹湾及邻近南大洋附近水样,采用顶空气相色谱法分析其中N_2O含量,结果表明普里兹湾陆架水体N_2O浓度较低,介于13.2―17.4 nmol·L~(-1),且呈现不饱和状态,饱和度异常值为-7%;而普里兹湾附近南大洋水体中N_2O浓度较高,介于15.5―23.3 nmol·L-1,除表面一层极薄的不饱和层外,中层至底层水体相对工业革命前大气浓度为高度过饱和状态。该区域N_2O的分布格局与复杂的水团特性和水文过程有密切关系。N_2O含量不饱和的普里兹湾陆架水(SW)和绕极深层流(CDW)混合下沉形成南极底层水(AABW),可能为温室气体N_2O提供向深层海洋输运的通路。这个过程为大气N_2O提供了一个汇的机制,使南极近岸水体成为大气N_2O的汇区。     

Effect of barley straw biochar application on greenhouse gas emissions from upland soil for Chinese cabbage cultivation in short-term laboratory experiments

Chinese cabbage was cultivated in upland soil with the addition of biochar in order to investigate the potential for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Barley straw biochar (BSB) was introduced in a Wagner pot (1/5000a) in amounts of 0 (BSB0, control), 100 (BSB100), 300 (BSB300), and 500 (BSB500) kg 10a^-1. After the addition of BSB into the upland soil, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission increased while methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions decreased. The highest CO₂ flux was measured for the BSB500 sample, (84.6 g m^-2) followed by BSB300, BSB100, and BSB0 in decreasing order. Relative to those of control, the total CH₄ flux and N₂O flux for the BSB500 treatment were lower by 31.6% and 26.1%, respectively. The global warming potential (GWP) of the treatment without biochar was 281.4 g CO₂ m^-2 and those for treatments with biochar were in the range from 194.1 to 224.9 g CO₂ m^-2. Therefore, introducing BSB into upland soil to cultivate Chinese cabbages can reduce the global warming potential.