地理信息系统在建立1∶20万自然重砂空间数据库中的应用

本文以突泉县幅图为例,在建立1∶20万自然重砂空间数据的过程中,利用地理信息系统MAPGIS软件平台,来完成图元的录入编辑、图形的误差校正及属性连接,最终形成空间数据库。     

Distribution Functions of Tsunami Wave Heights

The problem of describing the distribution functions of tsunami wave heights is discussed. Data on runup heights obtained in field surveys of several tsunamis for the last decade are used to calculate the empirical distribution functions. It is shown that the log-normal distribution describes the observed data well. This means that the irregular topography and coastline are major factors which influence the height distribution. The power distribution related with the geometric decay of the propagated wave is a good approximation for one event (Sulawesi, January 1, 1996) only. Results of a numerical simulation of the tsunami event in the Japan (East) Sea on July 12, 1993 are presented. It is shown that the computed wave height distribution, obtained by using the runup correction in the framework of nonlinear shallow-water theory, is in good agreement with the observed height distribution. Simulations are used to study the transformation of the distribution function on different distances from the source.     

甘肃省黄河流域科技创新与产业发展时空格局及协同发展模式

在中国实行创新驱动发展战略和黄河流域高质量发展的背景下,推动科技创新和产业结构优化对于甘肃省黄河流域可持续发展具有重要意义。选取2009—2019年甘肃省黄河流域9个地级市州作为研究对象,首先建立科技创新与产业发展的评价指标体系并测算两系统的评价指数值,然后运用耦合度与耦合协调度模型判别区域科技创新与产业的协同发展模式。结果表明：2009—2019年甘肃省黄河流域的科技创新水平和产业发展水平均不断提高,两系统的耦合度也不断上升,呈现出较强的关联关系;但两系统的耦合协调度总体较低,失调和初级协调是主要类型,两系统之间尚未形成互为支撑带动的良好协调关系;区域内9个地级市州按协同发展模式可以分为创新产业和谐区、创新产业磨合区和创新产业拮抗区3个类型区;目前区域内只有兰州市和武威市科技创新与产业发展的水平相差不大,基本实现了两系统的均衡发展,而其余7个地级市州的科技创新发展明显滞后,尚未形成两系统的均衡发展。     

利用岩石声发射凯塞效应测定岩体地应力

将砂岩在整个变形阶段的声发射信号特征可划分为加载初期、压密阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹非稳定扩展阶段、砂岩破坏阶段5部分。利用岩样声发射信号的特征,确定出岩石的凯塞效应点与其裂纹稳定扩展阶段的起始点相对应,并进一步得出岩石凯塞效应点的上限为裂纹稳定扩展阶段的终点,裂纹非稳定扩展阶段的起始点。凯塞效应点受岩样两端面的平行度、压机加载速率等有关,岩样端面不平整,在加载初期会有强烈的声发射信号;压机加载速率过大,声发射信号可能显示不出来或被后续更强的声发射信号所掩盖。计算出深度为670m处巷道周围天然应力3个主应力的大小和方向,与在现场用应力解除法和水压致裂法测得的天然应力相比,其数值基本一致,但方向存在一定的偏差。     

基于支持向量机的遥感影像辐射质量评价方法

当代摄影测量与遥感技术的迅速发展,已经步入大数据时代,如何对获得的海量数字影像的辐射质量进行评价是一个值得重视的问题。本文从信息量、清晰度、灰度分布3个方面选择了10个评价指标作为影像特征,利用支持向量机监督学习的方法对以资源三号为例的遥感影像的辐射质量进行评价及结果分析。试验结果表明,本文方法得到的评价结果与人工评价结果较为一致,准确度较高,并且自动化程度高,可应用于遥感影像的辐射质量评价。     

Fe and Mn levels regulated by agricultural activities in alluvial groundwaters underneath a flooded paddy field

Iron and Mn concentrations in fresh groundwaters of alluvial aquifers are generally high in reducing conditions reflecting low SO₄ concentrations. The mass balance and isotopic approaches of this study demonstrate that reduction of SO₄, supplied from agricultural activities such as fertilization and irrigation, is important in lowering Fe and Mn levels in alluvial groundwaters underneath a paddy field. This study was performed to investigate the processes regulating Fe and Mn levels in groundwaters of a point bar area, which has been intensively used for flood cultivation. Four multilevel-groundwater samplers were installed to examine the relationship between geology and the vertical changes in water chemistry. The results show that Fe and Mn levels are regulated by the presence of NO₃ at shallow depths and by SO₄ reduction at the greater depths. Isotopic and mass balance analyses revealed that NO₃ and SO₄ in groundwater are mostly supplied from the paddy field, suggesting that the Fe-and Mn-rich zone of the study area is confined by the agricultural activities. For this reason, the geologic conditions controlling the infiltration of agrochemicals are also important for the occurrence of Fe/Mn-rich groundwaters in the paddy field area.     

Rain induced shallow landslide hazard assessment for ungauged catchments

A physically based distributed slope stability model derived from the integration of hydrologic analysis and slope stability analysis is presented for GIS based modeling on a catchment scale. The catchment is represented by a mesh of squares with vertical columns. The hydrologic model calculates subsurface flow and resulting pore-water pressure during rainfall in each cell for every time step. The slope stability module then calculates the stability of each cell for the changing water pressure scenario. There are very few input data requirements, which makes the model applicable to ungauged catchments, also where the record of the past landslides and associated rainfall are not available. The model was tested in Garjuwa catchment, Nepal where all landslide scars were documented. The model reproduces the observed distribution of landslide locations in a consistent way. Several model runs were conducted, increasing the intensity of rainfall to see corresponding increase in instability. The results show that there is a critical rainfall intensity for the catchment, beyond which increase in rainfall intensity does not increase instability significantly.     

2017 年乌鲁木齐区域数值预报业务系统预报性能检验和评估

基于乌鲁木齐区域数值预报业务系统,运用MET检验工具,对2017年各季节DOGRAFSv1.0预报性能进行客观检验。结果表明：（1）2m温度日间预报温度整体偏低,夜间多数站点预报温度偏高;冬季预报温度偏高,其他三个季节温度预报整体偏低。10m风速冬季模拟性能最差,春季次之;所有季节风速预报均偏大。（2）夏季、秋季高空温度预报误差小,在3.0℃以内,冬季误差最大,温度预报整体呈冷偏差;不同季节高空位势高度随高度增加误差增大,误差约在6.5～12.0gpm,预报高度比实际高度偏低;不同季节高空U、V风随高度增加误差先增大后减小,均方根误差分别为2.4～6.2m/s和1.8～5.2m/s,U风预报整体比实况偏小,V风预报整体比实况偏大。（3）冬季大阈值降水漏报率较高,12.1mm阈值降水Bias评分仅为0.2,秋季大阈值降水空报率较高,12.1mm阈值降水Bias评分在2.0以上,夏季空、漏报率较低;在新疆地区,四个时段中14～20 BJT 、20～次日02 BJT空报站点数多于漏报,14～20 BJT空报率最高,02～08 BJT漏报率最高,08～14BJT晴雨预报以漏报为主;日间Ts评分高于夜间。     

Observation and Numerical Simulation of Cold Clouds and Snow Particles in the Yeongdong Region

The Yeongdong region of the Korean Peninsula is vulnerable to high-impact weather events, because of its complicated geographical characteristics and East Sea effect, such that heavy snowfall episodes have frequently occurred in winter. Snow crystal play an important role in cloud and precipitation physics because it is an essential element for improvement of numerical model, and remote sensing retrieval such as radar and satellite. In this study, the high-temporal resolution (3-hourly) dataset of radiosonde soundings and snow particle photographs during the intensive observation period for 2013–2016 has been used to understand characteristics of snow particles for the different meteorological conditions in the Yeongdong region. We also attempt to simulate two episodes that occurred on 23–24 February and 13–14 December 2016; one has a single-layered cloud and the other has two-layered cloud structure. This study demonstrates that the rimed particles in the first period tend to shift to aggregates of dendrites with the decrease of 850-hPa temperature. In general, the low-level clouds in the Yeongdong region are observed along with the distinctive wind shear and strong inversion in equivalent potential temperature around 2 ~ 3 km above the sea level. The simulation successfully represents the variations of the characteristics of snow particles as well as different cloud structure for both episodes. The observation and model simulations clearly suggest that snow particles primarily depend on the 850-hPa temperature.     

Effects of Non-orographic Gravity Wave Drag on Seasonal and Medium-range Predictions in a Global Forecast Model

This study implements the parameterizations of convective and frontal gravity wave drag (GWD) with wide phase speed spectra into a global forecast model with a model top near 0.3 hPa. The new convective GWD scheme replaces the existing one that considers only a stationary convective GW, and the frontal GWD scheme is newly introduced. When the new GWD schemes are used, the Rayleigh friction, applied above 2 hPa to mimic the effects of missing GWD, is removed. The convective (frontal) GWs are generated mainly in the Intertropical Convergence Zone and winter extratropical storm track regions (extratropics where strong baroclinicity exists). The convective and frontal GWD derived from the new schemes are significant near the model top, with maxima of ~2-4 and ~26-58 m s^?1 day^?1, respectively. The differences in convective GWD between the stationary and non-stationary schemes appear mainly in the tropics and summer hemisphere, where stationary GWs cannot propagate upward. The new schemes improve the seasonal representation of stratospheric wind, through changes in both the GWD and the resolved wave forcing, which is modulated by the changed large-scale wind due to the GWD. The downward influence, in response to the changed GWD, is also positive in the tropospheric fields, such as subtropical jet and planetary-scale disturbances. For the medium-range forecasts, improved skill scores on wind speed are achieved globally with the new schemes. The improvements mostly appear only in the stratosphere during the early forecast period (~3 days) but expand to the troposphere as forecast time increases.