Characteristics of turbulence over the semi-fixed desert area north of Xinjiang,China

As the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, the Gurbantünggüt Desert undergoes a long period of snow cover in the winter and the rapid growth of ephemeral plants in the spring, presenting obvious seasonal changes in the underlying desert surface type, which can lead to variation in the turbulence of the near-surface boundary layer turbulence over the desert. In this study, gradient tower data and eddy covariance data from 2017 were analysed to investigate the turbulence characteristics of the different surface boundary layers in the hinterland of the Gurbantünggüt Desert. The results indicate that stable atmospheric conditions in the desert occur exclusively during the early morning and at night in the desert, and the onset and duration of this stable state varies seasonally. Two regimes of intermittent turbulence occur during the night, a weak turbulent regime that occurs when the wind speed is less than the threshold and a strong turbulent regime when the wind speed exceeds the threshold, and different wind speed thresholds were observed at each level. These parameters follow a seasonal pattern of summer (July) > spring (April) > autumn (October) > winter (January) in terms of magnitude. The mean turbulence intensities of the along-wind, cross-wind and vertical wind are 0.5, 0.47 and 0.14, respectively, with I_u > I_v > I_w. The normalized standard deviation of the wind velocity components (σ_u, σ_v and σ_w) generally satisfies a 1/3 power-law relation. Our results show that the night-time turbulence regime classification for the Gurbantünggüt Desert strongly depends on meteorological and orographic features, and the intermittent turbulent events have the non-stationarity of the flow in common. The results can contribute to the study of land surface processes, climate change and desertification in inland arid desert areas.     

新疆戈壁地区近地面大气折射率结构常数观测对比

利用大口径闪烁仪和QHTP-2型温度脉动仪对新疆戈壁地区近地面大气折射率结构常数进行对比观测。结果表明：两种仪器测量所得大气折射率结构常数具有较好的相关性,皮尔森相关系数达0.68。大口径闪烁仪所测结果符合新疆戈壁地区近地面大气湍流强度日变化特征,与温度脉动仪测量结果随时间变化趋势基本一致。两种仪器测量结果在数量级上存在的差异,可能是由测量原理、测量高度、大气稳定状态等因素造成的。     

巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地表辐射与能量平衡特征

利用2013年7月、10月和2014年1月、4月巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖流动沙地地表辐射、土壤热通量、土壤温湿度和湍流通量等观测资料,分析了拐子湖地区地表辐射收支和能量通量在不同季节条件下的日变化特征及能量分配和闭合状况。结果表明:地表辐射各分量和能量平衡分量的月平均日变化结果整体均表现为标准的单峰型日循环形态,受不同季节影响,日变化曲线存在显著的季节变化差异,各分量均呈7月最大、1月最小、4月大于10月, 1月和7月的R_s↓、R_s↑、R_l↑、R_l↓、R_n日均值依次为98.9 W·m^-2和614.6 W·m^-2、34.6 W·m^-2和87.3 W·m^-2、276.9 W·m^-2和494.2 W·m^-2、214.8 W·m^-2和385.0 W·m^-2、0.4 W·m^-2和128.7 W·m^-2。与塔中、肖塘等地相比,该区域具有相对较高的地表反照率,整体呈冬季高夏季低,年均0.34。1月和7月的H、LE、G₀日均值依次为4.7 W·m^-2和78.8 W·m^-2、0.3 W·m^-2和20.3 W·m^-2、2.9 W·m^-2和35.0 W·m^-2。从能量分配来看,研究区干旱的气候和极低的植被覆盖造成了各季节全天潜热通量占净辐射份额始终较小,白天以感热为能量的主要消耗形式,土壤热通量次之。此外,R_n于正午达到日峰值后逐渐减小,受辐射强迫升温的地面以感热形式对空气的热量输送却不断持续,而促使H/R_n日间始终保持明显的增长趋势。     

新疆提灯藓科(Mniaceae)植物的种类与分布

根据历年采自新疆维吾尔自治区的285份提灯藓科(Mniaceae)标本,在查阅大量文献的基础上,通过经典分类方法,对新疆提灯藓科的种类进行了整理、鉴定和分类。结果表明,新疆有提灯藓科植物6属、24种,包含北灯藓属Cinclidium(2种)、曲灯藓属Cyrtomnium(1种)、提灯藓属Mnium(7种)、匍灯藓属Plagiomnium(11种)、毛灯属Rhizomnium(1种)、疣灯藓属Trachycystis(2种),其中密集匐灯藓Plagiomnium confertidens(Lindb.et H.Arn.)T.Kop.、粗齿匐灯藓Plagiomni-um drummondii(Bruch et Schimp.)T.Kop.、小刺叶提灯藓Mnium spinulosumB.S.G.为新疆新纪录种。并根据种类的形态特征,列出了新疆提灯藓科植物的分属、分种检索表,以及每种的生境和地理分布特点。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中地区春夏季风蚀起沙研究

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的观测资料,对塔中地区春夏季地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度及其变化特征和起沙风速进行了分析研究,并计算了2008年4月19日和7月19日两次沙尘暴天气过程沙漠地表的风蚀起沙量。结果表明:塔中地区春夏季地表起沙的临界摩擦速度为0.26 m·s-1;2 m高度的临界起沙风速约为4.1 m·s-1;两次沙尘暴过程的顺风向沙粒通量和垂直尘粒通量的平均值分别为17.44×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1 、13.8×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1、164.69×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1和799.77×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1;沙尘通量的变化与风速及摩擦速度的变化具有一致性。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地总辐射变化特征及影响因子分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测站(塔中站)直接探测的总辐射资料,对流动沙漠区近地层总辐射的变化特征及影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:总辐射的连续日变化对天气现象有不同程度的反映,天气现象较少的1月逐日总辐射上下变动的离散度较小,4月最大;1月、4月、8月、10月总辐射的平均日变化曲线皆呈正态分布,与同纬度地区比较,其年变幅较小;总辐射瞬时最大值为1 182.6 W·m-2,未超过太阳常数。总辐射随总云量增多而降低,且其在碧空最大,高、中、低云时逐渐降低,阴天Ci、Ac、Sc和Cb的平均总辐射约比晴天时分别减少5%、27%、51%和59%;沙尘使总辐射降低较为显著,风沙季节总辐射日变化与地面风速日变化对应,且主要受控于湍流作用,最大值出现与热力湍流和地面风力有关。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠近地层湍流热通量计算方法比较研究

利用2007年8月3日至10月31日在塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站取得的大气边界层观测资料,比较了涡动相关法、波文比法和空气动力学法计算得到的湍流热通量,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地能量平衡各分量的日变化特征。结果表明：波文比法、空气动力学和涡动相关法计算得到的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地湍流热通量日变化特征是一致的,整个观测期间,空气动力学方法和波文比法计算得出的湍流通量大于涡动相关法。它们的顺序分别为,波文比法计算得出的湍流热通量最大,空气动力学方法次之,涡动相关法最小;塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地能量平衡各分量基本上以12:00时为中心,呈对称分布。净辐射、土壤热通量、感热通量具有非常明显的日变化特征。净辐射日最高值324 W·m-2出现在当地时间11:30,最小值-85 W·m-2出现在当地时间18:30;土壤热通量在12:00左右达到日最高值143 W·m-2,而20:00时出现最小值-69 W·m-2;感热通量在13:30时左右达到最高值178 W·m-2,19:00时左右出现最小值-7 W·m-2;相对于上述3个能量平衡分量,潜热通量的日变化特征不太明显。每日12:30左右出现潜热通量的最大值43 W·m-2,06:00时出现日最低值－1 W·m-2。     

A Field Experiment on Dust Emission by Wind Erosion in the Taklimakan Desert

Dust emission by wind erosion in surface is a serious problem in many arid regions around the world,and it is harmful to the ecological environment,human health,and social economy.To monitor the characteristics of saltation activity and to calculate the threshold wind velocity and sediment discharge under field conditions have significance on the research of dust emission by wind erosion.Therefore,a field experiment was conducted over the flat sand in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.One sampling system was installed on the flat sand surface at Tazhong,consisting of a meteorological tower with a height of 2 m,a piezoelectric saltation sensor(Sensit),and a Big Spring Number Eight(BSNE) sampler station.Occurrence of saltation activity was recorded every second using the Sensit.Each BSNE station consisted of five BSNE samplers with the lowest sampler at 0.05 m and the highest sampler at 1.0 m above the soil surface.Sediment was collected from the samplers every 24 h.It is found that saltation activity was detected for only 21.5% of the hours measured,and the longest period of saltation activity occurring continuously was not longer than 5 min under the field conditions.The threshold wind velocity was variable,its minimum value was 4.9 m s 1,the maximum value was 9.2 m s 1,and the average value was 7.0 m s 1.The threshold wind velocity presented a positive linear increase during the measurement period.The observation site had a sediment discharge of 82.1 kg m 1 over a period of 24 h.Based on hourly saltation counts,hourly sediment discharge was estimated.Overall,there was no obvious linear or other functional relationship between the hourly sediment discharge and wind velocity.The results show that the changes of sediment discharge do not quite depend on wind velocity.     

沙漠气象若干问题研究进展

沙漠占据地球陆地面积的1/4,沙漠天气和气候对全球生态、环境及气候等的影响一直都受到社会各界极大关注。本文参考国内外有关沙漠气象学研究的代表性著作,简要回顾了沙漠气象学的国内外发展历史,并从沙漠表层物理特性研究、沙漠天气与边界层研究、沙漠气候研究、沙漠影响区域及全球环境研究等多个方面阐述了沙漠气象学的研究进展。最后对沙漠气象学研究提出了展望。     

新疆春季沙尘天气与前期月环流特征量的关系

用新疆春季(3～5月)的沙尘日数和北半球500hPa月环流特征量等资料,使应用相关和逐步回归分析方法,研究了新疆春季沙尘天气与前一年的月环流特征量的关系,相关分析和统计结果表明：(1)新疆春季的沙尘天气不仅与同在中纬度地区的西风带上的经向环流、东亚槽等有关,还更多地与中低纬地区的副热带高压以及高纬地区的极涡等系统的月环流特征量有关。(2)新疆春季沙尘天气与前一年夏、秋季的大气环流之间存在明显的隔季相关现象。(3)利用前一年月环流特征量建立了新疆春季沙尘天气日数之间的9个回归模型,9个分析模型都通过了0．001信度检验。其中,南疆的3个模型沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘和全疆的扬沙、浮尘模型试报效果最好。