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131.
The ultrasonic technique for measuring travel times of compressional and shear waves using dual-mode transducers was adapted to a piston cylinder apparatus, allowing simultaneous measurements of travel times of compressional and shear waves of island arc samples under the high pressure and temperature conditions of island arcs. This method enables us to determine elastic properties and their pressure and temperature derivatives simultaneously. Furthermore, Vp/Vs can be directly determined from travel times of compressional and shear waves independently of length change due to compression or thermal expansion of rock samples under deep crustal conditions, providing more accurate Vp/Vs values than those determined from individual measurements of travel times of both elastic wave types using single-mode transducers. Experimental techniques and results are demonstrated using data on silicified pelitic schist from the Ryoke Belt to 0.6 GPa. The simultaneous measurement gives Vp = 5.60 km/s, ∂ Vp /∂ P = 0.090 (km/s)/GPa, Vs = 3.37 km/s, ∂ Vs /∂ P = 0.05 (km/s)/GPa, σ = 0.216, and Vp / Vs = 1.66 at ambient conditions. The temperature derivatives were constrained from fitting using linear functions of temperature, yielding ∂ Vp /∂ T = −0.518 × 10−3 (km/s)/K and ∂ Vs /∂ T = −0.182 × 10−3 (km/s)/K. Performing simultaneous measurements of travel times of compressional and shear waves using dual-mode transducers, it is possible to accurately determine Vp / Vs and Poisson's ratio of crustal minerals and rocks at deep crustal conditions to study the composition of the crustal interior, e.g. rock types and fluids below the hypocentral region of earthquakes or around bright spots. 相似文献
132.
Richard N. Peterson William C. Burnett Makoto Taniguchi Jianyao Chen Isaac R. Santos Sambuddha Misra 《Continental Shelf Research》2008
In light of the current problems facing the Yellow River and surrounding areas (e.g., periods of zero river discharge, increasing nitrate concentrations of the Bohai Sea), we examined the coastal mixing dynamics around the mouth of the Yellow River. Naturally occurring radium isotopes (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, and 228Ra) and other geochemical tracers (Ba, Si, and salinity) were employed to determine river plume transport scales and rates. Barium and radium exhibit elevated concentrations within the salinity gradient where they are desorbed from particles via ion-exchange. Once they are added to the system, they decrease offshore from dilution with lower concentration Bohai Sea water, and in the case of 224Ra and 223Ra, by radioactive decay. Using radium “ages” to assess the dissolved material transport scales and rates proved to be a useful tool in this environment. The ages based on the 224Ra/228Ra activity ratio increased gradually until salinities reached ∼25 when they rapidly increased due to decreased mixing at higher salinities. Integrated net transport rates through the salinity front ranged from 1.4 to 1.6 cm/s and did not vary significantly with river discharge. Thus, tidal mixing appears to dominate in this system, at least over the range of discharges investigated (80–600 m3/s). Determining the temporal scale of flow across the coastal zone in this region is a valuable first step toward examining whether the Yellow River is contributing to the increasing inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the central Bohai Sea. 相似文献
133.
Priyanka Chatterjee Shuvabrata De Marinah Ranaivoson Rajat Mazumder Makoto Arima 《地学前缘(英文版)》2013,4(3):277-287
The Palaeoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic transition (~1600 Ma) is a significant event in the Earth history as a global thermal perturbation affected the pre-1600 Ma landmasses. Like other cratonic blocks of the world, lithospheric thinning, sedimentation, magmatism, metamorphism and crustal melting/anatexis are associated with this significant geological event in the Singhbhum cratonic province of India. This paper is a review of sedimentological, magmatic and tectono-thermal events in the Singhbhum craton at ~1600 Ma. The Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic sedimentation and volcanism in the Singhbhum craton took place in a terrestrial intracontinental rift setting. The available geochronological data are indicative of late Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic tectono-thermal events in the Chhotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC), an east–west trending arcuate belt of granite gneisses, migmatites and metasedimentary rocks. A detailed multidisciplinary geo-scientific investigation of the Dalma volcanic belt and the area to its north (Chandil Formation) and further north in CGGC will enable us to constrain the extant surface processes and crust-mantle interactions, the collision events between the North and South Indian cratonic blocks, and the position of India in the Columbia supercontinent. 相似文献
134.
Abstract: Detailed microscopic observation, combined with X-ray diffraction and EPMA analyses of samples from marine manganese deposits of three different origins, suggests that characteristic internal structures are inherent in each manganse mineral; vernadite (δ–MnO2 ), buserite (10Å–manganate) and todorokite (10Å–manganate). 相似文献
135.
We investigated by numerical integrations the long-term orbital evolution of four giant comets or comet-like objects. They are Chiron, P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 (SW1), Hidalgo, and 1992AD (5145), and their orbits were traced for 100–200 thousand years (kyr) toward both the past and the future. For each object, 13 orbits were calculated, one for the nominal orbital elements and other 12 with slightly modified elements based on the rms residual of the orbit determination and on the number of observations. As past studies indicate, their orbital evolution is found to be very chaotic, and thus can be described only in terms of probability. Plots of the semi-major axis (a) and perihelion distance (q) of the objects treated here seem to cross each other frequently, suggesting a possibility of their common evolutionary paths. About a half of all the calculated orbits showedq- ora-decreasing evolution. This indicates that, at least on the time scale in question, the giant comet-like objects are possibly on a dynamical track that can lead to capture from the outer solar system. We could hardly find the orbits with perihelia far outside the orbit of Saturn (q>15 AU). This is perhaps because the evolution of the orbits beyond Saturn is so slow that substantial orbital changes do not take place within 100–200 kyr. 相似文献
136.
Hanner MS Tokunaga AT Golisch WF Griep DM Kaminski CD 《Astronomy and Astrophysics》1987,187(1-2):653-660
2 to 20 micrometers photometry of the inner dust coma of comet Halley was obtained at the NASA IRTF on Mar 6.85, 12.8, 13.75, 17.7, and 24.8. Positions offset 10" were measured as well as the central brightness. The strength of the 10 micrometers emission feature was observed to vary with location in the coma. The infrared emission is in general agreement with the dust size distribution measured from the Vega and Giotto spacecraft. Mar 6.8, 17.7, and 24.8 corresponded to strong dust jet activity. The strength of the 10 micrometers silicate emission is shown to be a sensitive indicator of grain size and thus of jet activity. Dust production rate on March 13.75, 6 h before Giotto encounter, was approximately 10(7) gm s-1. 相似文献
137.
Makoto Yoshikawa 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1987,40(3-4):233-272
When asteroids are in the secular resonance 6, the variation of the eccentricity becomes very large. In this paper, the dynamics of this secular resonance 6 is investigated by a simple analytical model, in which the third degree terms of the eccentricity and inclination are taken into account. The eccentricity variations of asteroids located near this resonance are represented clearly by the diagrams of equi-Hamiltonian curves on the plane of
versuse (
the longitude of perihelion of asteroids and Saturn,e: the eccentricity of asteroids). These diagrams predict that the eccentricity of these asteroids suffers a large increase or decrease, and that the secular resonance argument
librates about 0° and 180°. In order to confirm these predictions, numerical integrations are carried out over one million years. By these integrations, it is found that the eccentricity of secular resonant asteroids becomes more than 0.8, and that the libration about 0° also exists, as well as the libration about 180°. The strongly depopulated region in the asteroidal belt, which corresponds to the position of the secular resonance 6, is also explained well by this analytical model. 相似文献
138.
Tsugunobu Nagai Masaynki Kuwashima Makoto Kawamura Tsuyoshi Kohno 《Planetary and Space Science》1979,27(7):1035-1037
It is suggested that the drop out of the 1.2–4 MeV proton flux, observed by the geostationary satellite GMS, was due to the Earthward shift of the particle boundary in all local time. The particle boundary motions are associated with substorm activities. 相似文献
139.
Nitrate and phosphate uptake kinetics ofChattonella antiqua were examined under light and dark conditions. The uptake kinetics ofC. antiqua followed the Michaelis-Menten equation. The maximal uptake rates (V max) of nitrate and phosphate in the dark were 86 and 93% of those in the light, respectively. The half-saturation constants (K 8 ) were not significantly affected by illumination and were comparable to those of other phytoplankton. However, specific maximal uptake rates ofC. antiqua for these substrates were much smaller than those of other phytoplankton. 相似文献
140.
Makoto Kashiwai 《Journal of Oceanography》1985,41(1):1-10
A self-excited oscillation of tidal flow occurs in a tidal channel-basin system with a narrow and high speed inflowing tidal jet. The mechanism of this oscillation was examined through hydraulic experiments. Results show that the oscillation is caused by alternation in the strength of asymmetric residual circulation caused by a biased supply of vorticity by asymmetric tidal vortex pairs, and that the mechanism of alternation also depends on negative feed-back between the residual circulation and the vorticity supply.The unstable state of the flow suggested the possibility of controlling the tidal current and tidal exchange in the channel-basin system and this was confirmed experimentally. Under fixed tidal conditions and with fixed basin dimensions, the tidal residual circulation was controlled to form two strong clockwise and anticlockwise circulations or a single circulation by changing the shape of the bay entrance. 相似文献