3-D Shoreline Extraction from IKONOS Satellite Imagery

Shorelines are recognized as unique features on Earth. They have valuable properties for a diverse user community. At present, photogrammetry is the most popular technique used to capture a shoreline. With improved resolution and accuracy, commercial high-resolution satellite imagery is demonstrating a great potential in the photogrammetry application domain. One example is the utilization of IKONOS satellite imagery in shoreline extraction. IKONOS panchromatic imagery has a resolution of approximately one meter as well as the capabilities of stereo imaging. This article presents the results of an experiment in which we attempted to improve IKONOS Rational Functions (RF) for a better ground accuracy and to employ the improved RF for 3-D shoreline extraction using 1-meter panchromatic stereo images in a Lake Erie coastal area. Two approaches were investigated. One was to rectify the ground coordinates derived from vendor-provided RF coefficients using ground control points (GCPs). The other was to refine the RF coefficients using the GCPs. We compare the results from these two approaches. An assessment of the shoreline extracted from IKONOS images compared with the existing shoreline is also conducted to demonstrate the potential of the IKONOS imagery for shoreline mapping.     

由APRGP97～APRGP99的GPS联测资料确定的亚太地区地壳形变

使用伪无基准（pseudo nonfiducial）算法、利用GIPSY软件,归算了APRGP97、APRGP98 和APRGP99的GPS资料．对大多数站所得解的站座标的精度：南北分量是1～2mm,东西分量是2～5mm,垂直分量是5～10mm;并初步获得亚太地区84个站在ITRF97中的运动速度,其水平方向的精度约为1～4mm/a．基于ITRF97速度场建立一个新的现今全球板块运动模型ITRF97VEL,由此获得这些站相对于该模型的现今形变速度,并对这些站相对欧亚板块的运动情况作了初步分析．     

江淮流域一次特大暴雨的数值模拟及动力分析

以周晓平研制的有限区域细网格数值模式为基础，编制成一个套网格模式，并对１９９１年７月２～３日发生在江淮流域的特大暴雨过程，进行了数值模拟和动力分析。结果表明：低空急流加强，输送了大量暖湿空气并激发强烈的上升运动是造成该区暴雨的主要原因；在该过程中，热成风平衡遭到破坏，其非热成风平衡部分伴随相应的二级环流，也有利于垂直运动的产生。     

济宁市耕地质量评价与保护对策研究

耕地资源作为一种非常重要的土地资源,对其质量的研究评价越来越受到人们的重视。该文综合选取了13个可能导致耕地质量发生变化的因素作为基础指标,运用基于AHP的模糊综合评价方法对山东省济宁市耕地资源的质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,济宁市耕地的质量等级为"一般",评价结果符合实际。针对评价结果,对可能导致耕地质量变化的驱动力因子进行了分析,并提出优化建议和措施。     

基于最小二乘的岩石频谱参数反演初始值选取的讨论

频谱激电法作为地球物理勘探的有效手段,在寻找激电异常体以及探寻深部矿产方面有重大贡献,岩石频谱参数的确定是实现该方法的重要步骤。在利用最小二乘法对复电阻率、相位参数进行反演时,各频谱参数初始值选取不同对反演效果影响较大,选取不好甚至会发散。在各频谱参数所属范围内采用随机选取初始值的方法进行反演,对复电阻率幅值曲线以及相位曲线拟合效果较好,不易陷入局部极小值的特点,能克服了较为盲目选取初始值而对结果带来的不良影响。     

N-间甲苯基-N′-(对氨基苯磺酸钠)硫脲与铜的显色反应及应用

研究了新试剂Ｎ－间甲苯基－Ｎ′－（对氨基苯磺酸钠）硫脲（ＭＭＰＴ）与Ｃｕ２＋的显色反应。结果表明,在ｐＨ４．６～５．６的ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ介质中,Ｃｕ２＋与ＭＭＰＴ形成的配合物至少稳定５ｈ,其λｍａｘ＝３７０ｎｍ,表观摩尔吸光系数为１．１２×１０５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１。Ｃｕ２＋的质量浓度在０．０８～１．４ｍｇ／Ｌ时符合比尔定律,相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９１。方法简便、快速,用于铅矿中铜的分析,测定结果与监控样推荐值相符,对ｗ（Ｃｕ）＝０．８％的试样测定６次,ＲＳＤ＝３．２％。     

东南极格罗夫山地区夏季的天气特征

利用中国南极科学考察队 1 998年 1 2月至 1 999年 1月在东南极格罗夫山地区地质考察期间所获得的天气资料 ,对该地区的温度、雪面温度、风速、风向等天气要素进行了分析。结果表明 :夏季格罗夫地区温度日变化和盛行风向与中山站相类似 ,但温度日较差和强风频率比中山站大。当受来自北方暖湿气流影响时 ,常出现降雪天气 ;在东风气流控制下 ,天气以晴为主     

江苏金坛新石器时代环境变迁研究

对江苏金坛三星村新石器遗址ＪＳ９８Ｔ０８２０号探坑南壁剖面进行采磁,对样品帮了粒度、地球化学、孢粉、微体古生物（有孔虫和介形类）等环境替代指标的测定与分析,并据此初步研究和恢复了该区新石器时代古定变状况,得出以下几点认识：（１０地球化学分析结果本区知全新世以来,气候有从暖湿向干冷变化的总趋势。（２）Ｐ２Ｏ５的含量在马家浜墓葬层和崧泽文化层可达生土层的５～６倍,充分反映了当时人类活动日益频繁,同时也     

丹江口水库浮游植物群落时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

研究丹江口水库在完成高水位蓄水期间浮游植物群落的时空动态特征可为丹江口水库的水质保护与生态系统结构优化及健康管理提供一定科学依据。本研究基于2018—2020年的水库浮游植物监测数据,结合同期水库水体的理化参数,分析了丹江口水库浮游植物在不同年度、季度及空间的变化特征,以及影响浮游植物群落结构变化的主要环境因子。结果显示该区域共检测出浮游植物7个门类,其中蓝藻门、硅藻门、绿藻门、隐藻门为优势类群。2018—2020年浮游植物年均密度分别为1.96×10⁶、2.55×10⁶和5.07×10⁶ cells/L,呈现出逐年增高趋势。浮游植物季度密度表现为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,在夏秋季节蓝藻门和绿藻门占优势,春冬季节硅藻门和隐藻门占优势,同时硅藻门在四季中均占据生长优势。空间上库区浮游植物密度明显高于支流,且汉江库区浮游植物密度高于丹江库区,其中蓝藻门和绿藻门主要在库区大量出现,而支流则以硅藻门和隐藻门为主。RDA分析显示,影响丹江口水库浮游植物的主要环境因子是水温,其次为化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷。在不同季节和...     

Challenges to the representation of suspended sediment transfer using a depth‐averaged flux

The sediment saturation recovery process (i.e. the adaptation of suspended sediment concentration [SSC] to local forcing) is the main feature of the non‐equilibrium suspended sediment transport (SST) frequently occurring in fluvial, estuarine and coastal waters. In order to quantitatively describe this phenomenon, a series solution is analytically derived, including the evolution of both vertical SSC profile and near‐bed sediment flux (NBSF), and is verified by net erosion and net deposition experiments, respectively. The results suggest that the sediment saturation recovery process involves vertically varying fluxes that are not represented correctly by depth‐averaging. Consequently, a vertical two‐dimensional (2D) combined scheme is established and applied respectively in to a dredged trench and to a sand wave feature to demonstrate this argument. By analyzing the variations of the calculated depth‐averaged SSC and NBSF we reveal that the equilibrium state presented by the sediment carrying capacity (SCC) form of the NBSF, which is usually applied in depth‐integrated SST models, lags behind the actual dynamic bed equilibrium state. Moreover, the key factor α, the so‐called saturation recovery coefficient within this form, is not only a function of local Rouse number but also is influenced by the local SSC profile. Finally, a three‐dimensional (3D) non‐orthogonal curvilinear body‐fitted SST model is developed and validated in the Yangtze estuary, China, combined with the in situ hourly hydrographic data from August 14–15, 2007 during spring tide in the wet season. Model results confirm that the vertically varying sediment saturation recovery process, the discrepancies between the actual and SCC form of NBSF and non‐constant value of α are significant in actual real geomorphic cases. The quantitative morphological change resulting from variations in environmental conditions may not be correctly represented by uncorrected depth‐integrated SST models if they do not treat the effects of vertical motion on the sediment saturation recovery process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.