Clinoform growth and sediment flux into late Cenozoic Qiongdongnan shelf margin,South China Sea

The South China Sea continental margin in the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB) area has incrementally prograded since 10.5 Ma generating a margin sediment prism more than 4km-thick and 150–200 km wide above the well-dated T40 stratigraphic surface. Core and well log data, as well as clinoform morphology and growth patterns along 28 2D seismic reflection lines, illustrate the evolving architecture and margin morphology; through five main seismic-stratigraphic surfaces (T40, T30, T27, T20 and T0) frame 15 clinothems in the southwest that reduce over some 200 km to 8 clinoforms in the northeast. The overall margin geometry shows a remarkable change from sigmoidal, strongly progradational and aggradational in the west to weakly progradational in the east. Vertical sediment accumulation rate increased significantly across the entire margin after 2.4 Ma, with a marked increase in mud content in the succession. Furthermore, an estimate of sediment flux across successive clinoforms on each of the three selected seismic cross sections indicate an overall decrease in sediment discharge west to east, away from the Red River depocenter, as well as a decrease in the percentage of total discharge crossing the shelf break in this same direction. The QDNB Late Cenozoic continental margin growth, with its overall increased sediment flux, responded to the climate-induced, gradual cooling and falling global sea level during this icehouse period.     

射电喷流中湍动阿耳芬波对相对论电子的加速

本文通过数值求解带电粒子与Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波湍动相互作用的动力学方程，得到了相对论电子在射电喷流中被加速随时间演化的解．高能电子可以加速到Ｌｏｒｅｎｔｚ因子γｙ～１０６，且形成稳态的幂律谱，尽管其谱指数Ｓ≈ｌ比观测值小，但粒子加速时间约为１０１２－１０１４秒，小于射电斑的寿命１０７年．粒子能谱指数几乎与Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波谱指数和能量损失函数无关．能量损失对加速上限有较大影响．     

The GRAPES Variational Bias Correction Scheme and Associated Preliminary Experiments

The variational assimilation theory is generally based on unbiased observations. In practice, however, almost all observations suffer from biases arising from observational instruments, radiative transfer operator, precondition of data, and so on. Therefore, a bias correction scheme is indispensable. The current scheme for radiance bias correction in the GRAPES 3DVar system is an offline scheme. It is actually a static correction for the radiance bias before the process of cost function minimization. In consideration of its effects on forecast results, this kind of scheme has some shortcomings. Thus, this study provides a variational bias correction (VarBC) scheme for the GRAPES 3DVar system following Dee’s idea. In the VarBC scheme, the observation operator is modified and a new control variable is defined by taking the predictor coefficients as the control parameters. According to the feature of the GRAPES-3DVAR, an incremental formulation is applied and the original bias correction scheme is maintained in the actual process of observations. The VarBC is designed to co-exist with the original scheme, because it is a dynamic revision to the observational operator on the basis of the old method, i.e., it adjusts the model state vector along with the control parameters to an unbiased state in the process of minimization and the assimilation system remains consistent with available information automatically. Preliminary experimental results show that the mean departures of background-minus-observation and analysis-minus-observation are reduced as expected. In a case study of the heavy rainfall that happened in South China on 11–13 June 2008, the 500-hPa geopotential height is better simulated using the analyzed field from the VarBC as the initial condition.     

Effects of dietary β-glucan and glycyrrhizin on non-specific immunity and disease resistance of the sea cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis> Selenka) challenged with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio splendidus</Emphasis>

Sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, were fed diets containing non-immunostimulant (basal diet), 0.2% β-glucan and 0.02% glycyrrhizin in a recirculatory water system for 45 days, and subsequently challenged with Vibrio splendidus by injection at 1.0×10⁸ cfu / sea cucumber for 15 days. Phagocytic capacity (PC), intracellular superoxide anion production (ISAP), lysozyme (LSZ) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the coelomic fluid were analyzed on the 0^th, 5^th, 10^th and 15^th days after injection. Results showed that after the 45-day feeding period, PC, ISAP, LSZ activity and SOD activity in sea cucumbers fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin were significantly higher than in those fed with the basal diet. On the 5th day after infection, all the immune parameters examined in the sea cucumbers injected with V. splendidus decreased in value significantly. On the 15^th day, PC, ISAP and LSZ activity returned to levels similar to those on the 0^th day. For the sea cucumbers injected with saline, there were no significant differences in all the immune parameters examined and in the cumulative morbidity during the 15-day challenging trial. After injecting with V. splendidus, the cumulative morbidity of sea cucumbers fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin when challenged with V. splendidus challenged sea cucumber fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin. There was no significant difference in cumulative morbidity between the dietary β-glucan and glycyrrhizin treatments over time.     

浊积岩型金矿简介

本文简要介绍了浊积岩型金矿的概念、特征、成因和2个浊积岩型金矿的矿床实例,并对浊积岩型金矿概念和应用作了讨论。     

Numerical simulation and preliminary analysis of typhoon waves during three typhoons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

In this study,typhoon waves generated during three typhoons(Damrey(1210),Fung-wong(1416),and Chan-hom(1509))in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were simulated in a simulating waves nearshore(SWAN)model,and the wind forcing was constructed by combining reanalyzed wind data with a Holland typhoon wind model.Various parameters,such as the Holland fitting parameter(B)and the maximum wind radius?,were investigated in sensitivity experiments in the Holland model that affect the wind field construction.Six different formulations were considered and the parameters determined by comparing the simulated wind results with in-situ wind measurements.The key factors affecting wave growth and dissipation processes from deep to shallow waters were studied,including wind input,whitecapping,and bottom friction.Comparison with in-situ wave measurements suggested that the KOMEN scheme(wind input exponential growth and whitecapping energy dissipation)and the JONSWAP scheme(dissipation of bottom friction)resulted in good reproduction of the significant wave height of typhoon waves.A preliminary analysis of the wave characteristics in terms of wind-sea and swell wave revealed that swell waves dominated with the distance of R to the eye of the typhoon,while wind-sea prevailed in the outer region up to six to eight times the R values despite a clear misalignment between wind and waves.The results support the hypothesis that nonlinear wave-wave interactions may play a key role in the formation of wave characteristics.     

吉黑东部斑岩型－浅成热液型铜金矿床多重成矿模型

通过四个典型矿床（小西南岔、闹枝、五凤和刺猬沟）的对比，发现它们在形成时间－空间－成因上既相互联系，又相互区别。小西南岔和闹枝矿床存在三个成矿流体系统：加热天水系统（Ａ）、排放流体系统（Ｂ）、蒸气缕（ｓｔｅａｍｐｌｕｍｅ）反应系统（Ｃ）；五凤和刺猬沟矿床只有一个成矿流体系统，即排放流体系统（Ｂ）。前者的成矿流体由浅成岩浆房的补给；后者的成矿流体主要为循环天水，浅成岩浆房的补给不明显。小西南岔金铜矿床产于中生代火山岩盆地边缘的隆起带，属于斑岩型矿床；闹枝金（铜）矿床产于中生代火山岩盆地内的断隆块，属于斑岩－浅成热液过渡型矿床；五凤和刺猬沟金（银）矿床产于中生代火山岩盆地内断裂带，属于浅成熟液型矿床。在区域成矿上，由浅入深，浅成热液型斑岩－浅成热液过渡型和斑岩型构成多重成矿模型。     

反向VSP透射层析成像法在岩墙松动层检测中的应用

通过实例介绍了反向VSP透射层析成像方法的基本原理、数据采集和资料处理方法。利用该方法在检测岩墙松动层厚度中取得了很好的勘探效果。     

基于SSA-Sn法的GNSS坐标时间序列粗差探测

针对GNSS高程坐标时间序列中含有粗差、高程坐标时间序列不平稳、非线性变化导致异常值探测困难等问题,提出一种奇异谱分析SSA与S_n估计量相结合的粗差探测方法。利用实验模拟数据和实测数据分别对该方法的探测效果同常规3σ法和MAD法进行对比,结果表明,SSA-S_n粗差探测方法的总体探测效果更好,能够满足GNSS坐标时间序列高可靠性的需求。     

适用于GRAPES模式C-P边界层方案的设计和实现

基于K廓线闭合方案,通过考虑不稳定边界层和稳定边界层中热量交换系数在半层上求取及下边界条件的设置,将温湿倾向在整层上直接计算,设计了Charney-Phillips跳点（简称C-P跳点）的边界层方案,使之与GRAPES全球模式的C-P跳点相协调,解决了Lorenz跳点物理过程与C-P跳点动力框架耦合时插值造成的不协调问题,同时避免了耦合时反复插值造成的误差,提高了边界层物理过程参数化方案及其反馈的准确性和合理性。试验表明:C-P跳点边界层方案因为避免了温度和湿度在垂直方向上的插值,消除了温湿变量在垂直方向上的锯齿状抖动,使温湿廓线分布更合理,减小了模式预报误差,形势场的预报效果也得到一定改善。C-P边界层方案的应用提升了GRAPES全球模式的总体预报性能。