Circumstellar disk and the first generation of stars

Circumstellar disk (CD) around the first generation of stars have been numerically investigated here to see if the cooling regimes also play a role in the formation and evolution of the disk associated with the most massive protostars (MMPS). Also, an emphasis is given to exploring the effect of the initial turbulent motion of the metal-free gas on the resulting morphology of the CD. For this, a systematic range of Mach number $ℳ=0.1-1.0$ has been examined. It has been found that the disk-to-star mass ratio $M_{\text{disk}}$/ $M_{\text{star}}$ is larger when the model evolution is based on the first H ${}_2$ line cooling followed by subsequent cooling via collision-induced emission than in the model where only H ${}_2$ line cooling remains operative. Also, irrespective of the initial turbulence in the cloud, the former type of model yields a CD as massive as 7.66 M ${}_{\odot }$ while the latter type produces a disk as massive as 1.29 M ${}_{\odot }$. Moreover, the inner part of the CD is found dominated by higher subsonic turbulent motions in the case of the former type of models than in the latter type. CDs around MMPS in both types of models show stable disk structures.     

压力对消泡器消泡能力的影响实验研究与数值模拟

泡沫钻进中,消泡有十分重要的环保和经济意义。但在实际生产中,现有的消泡器不能很好地达到消泡的要求,这就需要对消泡器做更进一步的深入研究。通过建立消泡器室内试验台,进行压力对消泡能力影响的试验,确定了压力与消泡率的关系,同时利用FLUENT软件中的VOF模型对泡沫在消泡器中流动时压力变化进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果是相符的。     

New Discovery of Hipparion theobaldi Skull from the Late Miocene of Padhri, District Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan and Associated Mammalian Fossil Assemblage

A fossil-bearing locality near Padhri village, Dhok Pathan, 55 km away from the tehsil Dina, Jhelum District, in the Potwar Plateau, Middle Siwaliks, Punjab, northern Pakistan, is significantly rich in mammalian fossils. This site has provided an abundant mammalian fossil fauna of Late Miocene age from the Dhok Pathan Formation (Fm.). The recovered material belongs to four families: Equidae (horses), Rhinocerotidae (rhinos), Bovidae (cows), and Suidae (pigs). We discovered a new skull of hipparionine Hipparion theobaldi from this locality along with 22 specimens from the associated assemblage of fossil mammals. The recovered material includes seven other species: the aceratheriine Chilotherium intermedium, boselaphines Tragoportax punjabicus, Selenoportax vexillarius, Pachyportax latidens, the antelope Gazella lydekkeri and suinine Propotamochoerus hysudricus. The specimens are isolated teeth, fragments of maxilla, mandibles and horn cores. The Dhok Pathan Fm. is generally composed of claystone, siltstone and sandstone beds and, based on the mammalian fauna, the Padhri fossil locality is dated as Late Miocene. Thi99s formation was deposited in a subtropical paleoenvironment and the predominance of fossil bovids indicates extremely moist conditions with small but frequent standing water bodies.     

Pore Characteristics of the Fine‐Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin,Northwestern China

This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly 0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting.     

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

Like other Asian countries, Pakistan is facing the issue of air pollution due to rapid urbanization, enormous transportation increases, and other related human activities. Moreover, continuously increasing emission sources have not only raised pollutant concentrations but also their types, thus damaging both human health and the environment. Faisalabad is the third largest megacity of Pakistan and its state of air quality is getting worse due to factors such as industrialization, high traffic volumes, and extensive fossil‐fuel‐burning activities. This review article aims to highlight the present status of air pollution in this city with special reference to particulate matter, elemental profiles, gaseous pollutants, organic–inorganic particulate contents as well as their sources. The concentration levels of these entities were also compared with other national and international cities, and related environmental standards. It is found that current levels of these pollutants are beyond safety limits as specified by various environment protection agencies and organizations. Several weak aspects and gaps are also identified along with suggestions for improvements of the present situation and directions for future research.     

Non-singular coordinates of some Kiselev space-times

In this article, non-singular Kruskal-like coordinates of some Kiselev space-times are presented. Also, non-singular Carter-like coordinates are constructed for the extreme case of Kiselev space-time.     

蓝细菌微生物席主导的芙蓉统均一石生物丘:以河北涞源祁家峪剖面为例

基于中等尺度的构造特征,常常将微生物碳酸盐岩划分为四个类型：纹层状的叠层石、凝块状的凝块石、贫乏构造的均一石、树枝状的树形石;在其中,均一石被定义为相对贫乏构造和非晶质的中等构造,而且作为“隐秘微生物”的同义语曾经与凝块石相混用。华北地台的芙蓉统,包括长山组和凤山组,可以进一步划分为3个淹没不整合面型三级沉积层序;在这些三级层序的强迫型海退体系域中,常常集中产出各种微生物碳酸盐岩所主导的生物丘,河北涞源祁家峪剖面的芙蓉统就是一个较为典型的实例。在该剖面,两套较为典型的均一石生物丘灰岩构成了较为壮观的沉积学现象,其内部特别的非均一组构与贫乏构造的宏观特征形成了强烈的反差,从而将这些均一石生物丘特征化,包括：① 钙化蓝细菌化石如基座菌、葛万菌,以及可以类比于第谷菌的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石;② 底栖鲕粒;③ 肾型菌状的钙化生物膜残余物;④ 海绵木乃伊;⑤底栖鲕粒填充的生物潜穴;⑥包覆着海绵木乃伊和生物潜穴的微叠层石。这些特征,表明了这些均一石生物丘可能形成于蓝细菌细胞外聚合物质（EPS）复杂的钙化作用,而且这样的EPS是蓝细菌微生物席及其内部的多重状生物膜的基本有机基质构成。由于均一石缺乏现代可以类比的典型实例,而且在其命名之后也很少描述在在古老的地层记录中,所以,河北涞源祁家峪剖面芙蓉统中的均一石生物丘为了解均一石形成的复杂机理提供了一个最为典型的实例。     

The Bowen Ratio of an Alpine Grassland in Three-River Headwaters,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,from 2001 to 2018

The Bowen ratio (β) is used to quantify heat transfer from the land surface into the air, which is becoming a hot topic in research on the biogeophysical effects of land use and cover changes. The Three-River Headwaters (TRH), as a sensitive and fragile region, was selected as the study area. The β for 2001-2018 was estimated from the evapotranspiration product (ET_MOD16) of MODIS and the net radiation of the land surface through the albedo from GLASS. The ET_MOD16 data were evaluated against the observation data (ET_OBS) at two alpine grassland flux towers obtained from ChinaFLUX. The interannual trend of the β was analyzed by multiple linear regression (MLR) and structure model (SEM) with the multiple factors of precipitation, temperature, humidity, albedo, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, MOD09Q1). The results show that the ET_MOD16 values were significantly correlated with ET_OBS, with a correlation coefficient above 0.70 (P < 0.01) for the two sites. In 2001-2018, the regional mean β was 2.52 ± 0.77 for the whole grassland, and its spatial distribution gradually increased from the eastern to western region. The interannual β showed a downward trend with a slope of -0.025 and a multiple regression coefficient (R ²) of 0.21 (P = 0.056). Most of the variability (51%) in the interannual β can be explained by the linear regression of the above multiple factors, and the temperature plays a dominant role for the whole region. The SEM analysis further shows that an increasing NDVI results in a decreasing albedo with a path coefficient of -0.57, because the albedo was negatively correlated with NDVI (R ² = 0.52, P < 0.01), which indicates a negative and indirect effect on β from vegetation restoration. An obvious warming climate was found to prompt more evapotranspiration, and restoring vegetation makes the land surface receive more radiation, which both resulted in a decreasing trend in the annual β. This study revealed the biogeophysical mechanisms of vegetation restoration under a changing climate, and demonstrated the Bowen ratio can be applied as an indicator of climate-regulating functions in ecosystem assessments.     

Effect of $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ solubility on dissolution rate of calcite in saline aquifers for temperature range of 50–100 $$^{\circ } \hbox {C}$$∘C and pressures up to 600 bar: alterations of fractures geometry in carbonate rocks by $$\hbox {CO}_2$$-acidified brines

An empirical model is developed to predict the dissolution rate of calcite in saline solutions that are saturated with respect to dissolved \(\hbox {CO}_2\) over a broad range of both subcritical and supercritical conditions. The focus is on determining the rate of calcite dissolution within a temperature range of 50–100 \(^\circ \hbox {C}\) and pressures up to 600 bar, relevant for \(\hbox {CO}_2\) sequestration in saline aquifers. A general reaction kinetic model is used that is based on the extension of the standard Arrhenius equation with an added, solubility-dependent, pH term to account for the saturated concentration of dissolved \(\hbox {CO}_2\). On the basis of this kinetic model, a new rate equation is obtained using multi-parameter, nonlinear regression of experimental data to determine the dissolution of calcite as a function of temperature, pressure and salinity. Different models for the activity coefficient of \(\hbox {CO}_2\) dissolved in saline solutions are accounted for. The new rate equation helps us obtain good agreement with experimental data, and it is applied to study the geochemically induced alterations of fracture geometry due to calcite dissolution.