历元间差分精密单点定位的精度分析

针对历元间差分精密单点定位技术用于地表形变监测的可行性问题,该文利用IGS跟踪站数据,对此方法的精度进行分析:借助自编程序,对IGS跟踪站不同采样率数据进行动态模拟的数据处理和误差统计,对历元间差分精密单点定位技术的精度进行比较和初步分析,验证GPS数据采样率对该技术定位精度的影响。实验结果表明,此方法能够满足地震等地质灾害引起的同震地表形变监测的精度要求。     

去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响

研究了去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响.实验在水族箱内进行,实验对虾的初始体重约为2.26g,投喂的饲料为人工配合饲料,实验持续40d.实验结果如下:1.在本实验条件下,去眼柄显著加快了凡纳滨对虾稚虾的蜕皮,蜕皮周期由原来的14.6d缩短到11.4d(P<0.05);2.在本实验条件下,去眼柄凡纳滨对虾稚虾的摄食率(FId)和食物转化效率(FCEd)分别比正常组低7.91%和6.23%,特定生长率(SGRd)比正常组低14.74%,但经检验差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05);3.在本实验条件下,去眼柄对虾用在蜕皮的能量比正常组高54.39%,经检验差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),而其他各部分能量比例差异不显著(P>0.05).实验结果表明:在本实验条件下,去眼柄缩短了对虾的蜕皮周期,但对对虾的生长并未产生显著的影响(P>0.05).     

温盐环流稳定性以及年代际变率的研究进展

对近期国内外有关温盐环流的模拟研究作了综合评述,着重介绍温盐环流的稳定性、多平衡态及其转化以及年代际变率问题的研究进展。     

寒区隧道保温设防长度工程实践与研究进展综述北大核心CSCD

保温法是目前寒区隧道建设中应用最为广泛的一种冻害防治方法。通过敷设保温材料可以减缓隧道结构、围岩体与洞内空气的热量交换过程,进而减小或避免衬砌与围岩体内的季节冻融,实现冻害防治的目的。在工程设计中,隧道保温段的敷设长度和厚度是两个关键参数,其中敷设厚度相对容易确定,但是敷设长度的确定目前缺乏统一的标准和简便可靠的方法,给隧道保温设计带来了一定的难度和不确定性。基于此,对包括现有铁路和公路规范要求、经验公式、工程类比法、理论解析法、数值模拟法等寒区隧道保温段敷设长度确定方面的工程实践、研究进展和挑战进行了系统的总结,并在此基础上提出保温设防设计用气象数据的选取方法、保温设防长度确定的依据、隧道进出口的差异性,以及季节冻土与多年冻土区隧道的差异等未来工程实践和科学研究仍需解决和研究的重点,以期能够为寒区隧道保温防冻工程设计难题的解决提供参考。     

Permafrost and taliks and their changes on the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under the climate warming北大核心CSCD

The distribution of permafrost and taliks is very complex in the Tuotuo River Basin(TRB), which is located in interior of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Characterizing the spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and taliks is of great significance to community activities and engineering construction in TRB. Based on the zonation of permafrost and talik distribution around TRB conducted in the 1980s, the soil temperature and its variation process of permafrost and taliks in the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River were analyzed by using the observation data of five boreholes(N1~N5)along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the north bank and five boreholes(S1~S5)on the first terrace in the south bank. The results showed that, under the climate warming, permafrost and taliks in the north banks experienced significant degradation and warming process. From 2005 to 2020, the permafrost at the N1 borehole has undergone a significant down-draw degradation process, from extremely unstable and high-temperature permafrost to thawed zone. From 2005 to 2013, the annual average ground temperature of the talik at N2 increased at a rate of 0. 3~0. 4 °C·(10a)-1. At Maqutang on the south bank, permafrost prevails from the first-class terrace to the gentle slope of the Kaixinling Mountain, with both through and non-through taliks on the first-class terrace. The spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and talik in the TRB are further promoted by analyzing the changes in temperatures at boreholes in the basin. However, to meet the requirements of mapping and engineering construction of permafrost and taliks in the TRB, it is still necessary to carry out geological investigation with multiple methods and in-depth research on development mechanism of taliks in the future. © 2022 Nanjing Forestry University. All rights reserved.     

循环冻融下寒区工程常用保温材料性能变化试验研究北大核心CSCD

保温材料广泛应用于寒区工程的诸多领域。然而,在服役过程中,保温材料往往会受到浸水、冻融和盐蚀等多场耦合的循环作用,导致其保温、防水和强度等物理力学性能出现不同程度的退化。目前,保温材料的类型非常多,但其性能和耐久性有所不同,因此科学合理地选择保温材料不仅关系到其长期保温效果,同时对于工程构筑物的长期稳定性具有重要的意义。针对循环冻融作用,选取寒区工程中常用的4种保温材料[聚酚醛(FLK)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚苯乙烯挤塑板(XPS)和聚苯乙烯发泡板(EPS)]开展了浸纯水、浸盐水和干燥状态下的室内冻融循环试验,对经历了不同冻融次数的样品进行了表观密度、吸水率、导热系数、压缩强度、弯曲强度和微观结构系列测试。结果表明:浸润作用对保温材料物理力学性质影响显著,亲水性材料FLK的保温和力学性能退化显著,而憎水性材料PU、XPS和EPS变化相对较小。干燥条件下,冻融循环作用对FLK、XPS和EPS吸水率以及FLK的导热系数影响量值可观,但对4种保温材料的压缩和弯曲强度影响不大。浸纯水和盐水条件下,经历30次冻融循环后,FLK的导热系数增加约50%,弯曲强度降低超过0.3%,EPS的压缩强度降低超过10%。浸盐水后保温材料经历冻融循环作用后其物理力学性能退化程度与浸纯水条件下有所不同,该差异值得关注。通过扫描电镜图像能够识别4种保温材料的孔隙尺寸、孔隙致密度和固体颗粒胶结方式,但对经历冻融循环作用后的变化难以识别和量化。基于试验结果,结合寒区交通工程应用场景,分析了4种保温材料的冻融耐久性,以期服务于寒区交通工程保温材料的合理应用。     

沉积型铝土矿原位溶浸技术可行性分析及开采设想

沉积型铝土矿是我国主要的铝土矿类型,经过几十年的开发,储采比逐渐下降,深部难动用资源的绿色开发迫在眉睫. 通过开展静态溶浸实验和电极加热仿真模拟,结合原位溶浸技术在铀矿和稀土矿开采中的成功经验,总结出该技术在固体矿产开采中应用的适用条件包括:矿物可溶性、矿体分布稳定性、顶底板条件、矿体渗透性. 我国北方铝土矿资源与以上条件切合程度高,适合采用原位溶浸技术进行开采. 本次研究还提出了沉积型铝土矿原位溶浸开采的工艺方案,为下一步开展先导试验提供了设计思路.     

The Optimal Precursors for ENSO Events Depicted Using the Gradientdefinition-based Method in an Intermediate Coupled Model

The predictability of El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been an important area of study for years. Searching for the optimal precursor (OPR) of ENSO occurrence is an effective way to understand its predictability. The CNOP (conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation), one of the most effective ways to depict the predictability of ENSO, is adopted to study the optimal sea surface temperature (SST) precursors (SST-OPRs) of ENSO in the IOCAS ICM (intermediate coupled model developed at the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences). To seek the SST-OPRs of ENSO in the ICM, non-ENSO events simulated by the ICM are chosen as the basic state. Then, the gradient-definition-based method (GD method) is employed to solve the CNOP for different initial months of the basic years to obtain the SST-OPRs. The experimental results show that the obtained SST-OPRs present a positive anomaly signal in the western-central equatorial Pacific, and obvious differences exist in the patterns between the different seasonal SST-OPRs along the equatorial western-central Pacific, showing seasonal dependence to some extent. Furthermore, the non-El Ni?o events can eventually evolve into El Ni?o events when the SST-OPRs are superimposed on the corresponding seasons; the peaks of the Ni?o3.4 index occur at the ends of the years, which is consistent with the evolution of the real El Ni?o. These results show that the GD method is an effective way to obtain SST-OPRs for ENSO events in the ICM. Moreover, the OPRs for ENSO depicted using the GD method provide useful information for finding the early signal of ENSO in the ICM.     

雷达径向速度资料同化中不同坐标转换方案的对比试验

利用江苏省气象局与美国强风暴实验室联合开发的高精度数值分析及预报系统(Precision Weather Analysis and Forecast System,PWAFS)对雷达资料同化中径向速度资料的两种坐标转换方案进行对比分析。Grid方案将雷达径向速度资料通过最小二乘法从极坐标映射到模式三维网格;Tilt方案将雷达径向速度资料通过双线性插值在水平方向插值至标量水平网格,但在垂直方向不进行插值,保留在雷达仰角对应的高度上。两种方案对反射率资料的处理均是插值到模式三维网格点。Grid方案在近雷达处进行平滑,在远雷达处进行插值,会导致低层数据平滑,Tilt方案减少了雷达径向风观测垂直插值引发的误差,更多的保留了雷达观测的特性。本研究分别通过龙卷、大风及梅雨锋暴雨个例对这两种方案的同化结果进行对比分析。龙卷个例中Grid方案得到了部分虚假的较大的同化风场,Tilt方案结果清楚展示了龙卷发生位置的回波及流场的精细结构。大风个例中两种方案得到的最大风速值差3 m·s^-1,Tilt方案的结果更接近观测最大风速值,且得到的大风速区分布更符合观测。梅雨锋暴雨个例中Grid方案对东北及西南两个区域的大风速区均未能很好的反映,Tilt方案得到的水平风速大值区范围明显优于Grid方案。在靠近雷达中心的低层,观测资料密集,Tilt方案能够更好的反应实际大气状态。但是因为缺乏其他观测资料进行验证,两种方案的效果还需要利用数值预报或其他方法进行对比。     

INTELLIGENT ALGORITHMS FOR SOLVING CNOP AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN ENSO PREDICTABILITY AND TROPICAL CYCLONE ADAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS

Some intelligent algorithms (IAs) proposed by us, including swarm IAs and single individual IAs, have been applied to the Zebiak-Cane (ZC) model to solve conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) for studying El Ni?o – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictability. Compared to the adjoint-based method (the ADJ-method), which is referred to as a benchmark, these IAs can achieve approximate CNOP results in terms of magnitudes and patterns. Using IAs to solve CNOP can avoid the use of an adjoint model and widen the application of CNOP in numerical climate and weather modeling. Of the proposed swarm IAs, PCA-based particle swarm optimization (PPSO) obtains CNOPs with the best patterns and the best stability. Of the proposed single individual IAs, continuous tabu search algorithm with sine maps and staged strategy (CTS-SS) has the highest efficiency. In this paper, we compare the validity, stability and efficiency of parallel PPSO and CTS-SS using these two IAs to solve CNOP in the ZC model for studying ENSO predictability. The experimental results show that CTS-SS outperforms parallel PPSO except with respect to stability. At the same time, we are also concerned with whether these two IAs can effectively solve CNOP when applied to more complicated models. Taking the sensitive areas identification of tropical cyclone adaptive observations as an example and using the fifth-generation mesoscale model (MM5), we design some experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that each of these two IAs can effectively solve CNOP and that parallel PPSO has a higher efficiency than CTS-SS. We also provide some suggestions on how to choose a suitable IA to solve CNOP for different models.