鞍山地区东鞍山花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及成因研究

鞍山地区位于华北地台东北部辽宁省,区内保留有3.8~2.5Ga连续的地质记录。对位于鞍山市南侧的东鞍山花岗岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb同位素分析、白云母Ar-Ar同位素分析及岩石地球化学分析。SHRIMP测年结果为3004±7Ma,代表岩石的形成年龄,Ar-Ar测年结果为2545±16Ma,代表岩石受到构造热事件扰动的时间。岩体地化特征为富硅(Si O2=72.95%~75.37%,平均值为74.18%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=7.05%~8.45%)、富铝(Al2O3=12.95%~15.44%),低钙(Ca O=0.13%~0.66%)。在稀土元素配分图上,曲线呈明显的右倾趋势,且有较明显的负Eu异常,重稀土分馏不明显。在微量元素洋中脊玄武岩标准化蛛网图上可以看出,东鞍山花岗岩强烈亏损Nb、P、Sr、Ti,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Nd和高场强元素Th、U。岩石地球化学特征表明东鞍山花岗岩岩浆来源为壳源,残留相可能由石榴石+辉石+角闪石+斜长石组成。将鞍山-本溪地区3个3.0Ga花岗岩(东鞍山花岗岩岩体、铁架山二长花岗岩岩体以及弓长岭片麻状花岗岩)的地球化学数据进行对比,发现三者的地球化学存在较大差异,为三个独立的岩体。三个岩体最初可能发育在一个陆块之上,然后在25.5亿年左右分离开来,最后在25亿年左右再次拼贴到一起。     

Late-Quaternary Slip Rate and Seismic Activity of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone in Southwest China

The Xianshuihe fault zone is a seismo-genetic fault zone of left-lateral slip in Southwest China. Since 1725, a total of 59 Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes have occurred along this fault zone, including 18 Ms 6.0–6.9 and eight Ms ≥ 7.0 earthquakes. The seismic risk of the Xianshuihe fault zone is a large and realistic threat to the western Sichuan economic corridor. Based on previous studies, we carried out field geological survey and remote sensing interpretation in the fault zone. In addition, geophysical surveys, trenching and age-dating were conducted in the key parts to better understand the geometry, spatial distribution and activity of the fault zone. We infer to divide the fault zone into two parts: the northwest part and the southeast part, with total eight segments. Their Late Quaternary slip rates vary in a range of 11.5 mm/a –(3±1) mm/a. The seismic activities of the Xianshuihe fault zone are frequent and strong, periodical, and reoccurred. Combining the spatial and temporal distribution of the historical earthquakes, the seismic hazard of the Xianshuihe fault zone has been predicted by using the relationship between magnitude and frequency of earthquakes caused by different fault segments. The prediction results show that the segment between Daofu and Qianning has a possibility of Ms ≥ 7.0 earthquakes, while the segment between Shimian and Luding is likely to have earthquakes of about Ms 7.0. It is suggested to establish a GPS or In SAR-based real-time monitoring network of surface displacement to cover the Xianshuihe fault zone, and an early warning system of earthquakes and post seismic geohazards to cover the major residential areas.     

北京平原区地质剖面的初步建立——太古宙结晶基底和元古宙地层

北京平原目前尚未建立系统的地质剖面。1867年庞培莱将北京西山分为3大系,1871年李希霍芬提出震旦系、划分12层。1922年葛利普将震旦系限定在前寒武系,1923年田奇镌将南口剖面划分为7个岩组,1934年高振西将震旦系3分(南口群、蓟县群、青白口群)。1976年乔秀夫3分青白口群(下马岭组、龙山组和景儿峪组),1980年汪长庆等将十三陵剖面分为4系12组,1991版《北京市区域地质志》将十三陵剖面分为3系12组。本文初步建立平原区地层表,详细描述太古宙结晶基底和元古宙地层剖面,在京南大兴区的榆垡(兴热-1井)和安定(兴热-2井)发现太古宙片麻岩,在京热-70井、京热-59井、京热-71井和京热-75井编录蓟县纪地层,利用亦庄小学钻孔厘定待建系下马岭组、青白口纪龙山组和景儿峪组。     

四川会理天宝山矿床深部新发现铜矿与铅锌矿的成因关系探讨

天宝山矿床是川滇黔接壤铅锌矿集区内的代表性铅锌矿床之一,赋存于上震旦统灯影组白云岩中。近年来,该矿床深部发现了以铜为主的矿化,甚至形成铜矿体。目前,对铜矿成因及其与铅锌矿的关系尚不清晰。本文报道新发现铜矿的矿物学和同位素地球化学资料,以期揭示铜矿的成矿物质来源,结合铅锌矿的相关研究,探讨铜矿形成机制及其与铅锌矿的成因关系。镜下观察和扫描电镜分析显示,铜矿石中主要金属矿物为黄铜矿和银黝铜矿,其次为方铅矿和毒砂,含少量闪锌矿和黄铁矿;铅锌矿石中闪锌矿是主要金属矿物,方铅矿和黄铁矿次之,含少量黄铜矿和深红银矿。铜矿石中闪锌矿主要呈半自形-他形粒状,与黄铜矿共生或被其包裹,方铅矿主要呈细脉状充填在黄铜矿、银黝铜矿和毒砂的裂隙中或呈他形粒状分布在这些矿物中;铅锌矿石中黄铜矿主要呈浸染状分布于闪锌矿之中。两类矿石金属矿物的组构特征,显示铜矿物与铅锌矿物具有密切的共生、穿插和包裹关系,应属同期成矿。同位素地球化学数据显示,铜矿石中黄铜矿的δ34SCDT值为3.9‰~4.2‰(均值为4.1‰,n=3),铅锌矿石闪锌矿的δ34SCDT值为3.3‰~3.9‰(均值为3.5‰,n=3),十分相近,暗示它们具有相似的S源,应均属赋矿地层海相蒸发岩中硫酸盐热化学还原作用的产物。铜矿石中黄铜矿的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.441~18.476(均值为18.461,n=3),~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.731~15.751(均值为15.741,n=3),~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.809~38.873(均值为38.849,n=3),μ=9.72~9.76;铅锌矿石中方铅矿的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.442~18.480(均值为18.455,n=3),~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.746~15.763(均值为15.752,n=3),~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.793~38.892(均值为38.840,n=3),μ=9.75~9.78。两者具有相近的Pb同位素组成且其壳源特征明显,表明它们的成矿金属来源相似,均来自上地壳,与赋矿沉积岩有关。综上,矿物学和同位素地球化学证据表明,天宝山矿床深部新发现铜矿与铅锌矿具有明显的同期共生关系和相似的成矿物质来源,是同一成矿热液体系不同阶段演化的产物。天宝山铜铅锌矿床与MVT矿床的成矿特征不同,暗示其成矿作用(环境)特殊,可能与矿床所处的地质背景有关,其成因认识对川滇黔接壤区同类型矿床深部找铜矿具有重要的指导意义。     

Underwater Navigation Based on Real-Time Simultaneous Sound Speed Profile Correction

Precise sound speed profile (SSP) information is critical when using sonar for underwater terrain navigation. Nevertheless, acquiring SSP information in real-time is difficult, especially in underwater navigation environment. To account for this problem, this paper presents an underwater navigation method that applies real-time SSP correction to the terrain measurements. The method uses a probe to measure the surface sound speed simultaneously. Meanwhile, redundancy of topographic measurement data is exploited to derive the equivalent SSP information. The acquired equivalent SSP is updated continuously with particle filter algorithm. The terrain measurements can be corrected in real-time with the equivalent SSP to improve the performance of underwater terrain navigation. By removing the impact of inaccurate SSP from the terrain measurements, the proposed method can achieve precise and robust underwater navigation result without using an underway-profiling instrument. Simulated results confirm the good performance of the proposed method.     

Iron Reduction Along an Inundation Gradient in a Tidal Sedge (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyperus malaccensis</Emphasis>) Marsh: the Rates,Pathways, and Contributions to Anaerobic Organic Matter Mineralization

Incubation experiments were adopted to characterize the rates and pathways of iron reduction and the contributions to anaerobic organic matter mineralization in the upper 0–5 cm of sediments along a landscape-scale inundation gradient in tidal marsh sediments in the Min River Estuary, Southeast China. Similar sediment characteristics, single-species vegetation, varied biomass and bioturbation, distinct porewater pH, redox potential, and electrical conductivity values have resulted in a unique ecogeochemical zonation along the inundation gradient. Decreases in solid-phase Fe(III) and increases in nonsulfidic Fe(II) and iron sulfide were observed in a seaward direction. Porewater Fe²⁺ was only detected in the upland area. High rates of iron reduction were observed in incubation jars, with significant accumulations of nonsulfidic Fe(II), moderate accumulations of iron sulfides, and negligible accumulations of porewater Fe²⁺. Most of the iron reduction was microbially mediated rather than coupled to reduced sulfides. Microbial iron reduction accounted for 20–89 % of the anaerobic organic matter mineralization along the inundation gradient. The rate and dominance of microbial iron reduction generally decreased in a seaward direction. The contributions of microbial iron reduction to anaerobic organic matter mineralization depended on the concentrations of bioavailable Fe(III), the spatial distribution of which was significantly related to tidal inundation. Our results clearly showed that microbial iron reduction in the upper sediments along the gradient is highly dependent on spatial scales controlled primarily by tidal inundation.     

南海西南部海盆附近中尺度涡及其水文特征

根据"东方红2"于2011年9月在南海西南部11°N~15°N、111°E~114°E海域测得的CTD资料及据此的地转流计算结果,结合南海的海流数值计算结果的对比分析,得出南海西南部海盆附近水域中尺度涡的基本分布规律及其水文特征:(1)以12°N~13°N附近宽约100km的条带作为分界,其北部是气旋式运动,南部是反气旋式运动。(2)气旋涡中心产生上升流,底层水上升,中心密度大。表层表现为低温高盐高密特征;200m层表现为低温低盐高密特征;1 000m层则表现为低温高盐高密特征。(3)在反气旋涡中心产生下降流,海水密度小。表层表现为高温低盐低密特征;200m层表现为高温高盐低密特征;1 000m层则表现为高温低盐低密特征。(4)在8~9月,上述北气旋、南反气旋的分布流态基本不变;(5)季风的影响是因素之一,而地形影响更是调查区域双涡旋流动结构的重要动力机制。     

Glacier changes in the eastern Nyainqêntanglha Range of Tibetan Plateau from 1975 to 2013

Maritime-type glaciers in the eastern Nyainqêntanglha Range, located in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, are an important water source for downstream residents and ecological systems. To better understand the variability of glaciers in this region, we used the band ratio threshold(TM3/TM5 for the Landsat TM /ETM+ and TM4/TM6 for Landsat OLI) to extract glacier outlines in ~1999 and ~2013. After that, we also generated a series of glacier boundaries and monitored glacier variations in the past 40 years with the help of the Chinese Glacier Inventory data(1975) and Landsat TM, ETM+ and OLI data. The total glacier area decreased by 37.69 ± 2.84% from 1975 to 2013. The annual percentage area change(APAC) was ~1.32% a-1 and ~1.29% a-1 in the periods 1975-1999 and 1999-2013, respectively. According to the lag theory, the reaction time is probably about 10 years and we discuss the variations of temperature and precipitation between 1965 and 2011. Temperature and precipitation increased between 1965 and 2011 at a rate of 0.34°C /10 a and 15.4 mm/10 a, respectively. Extensive meteorological data show that the glacier shrinkage rate over the period may be mainly due to increasing air temperature, while the increasing precipitation partly made up for the mass loss of glacier ice resulting from increasing temperature may also lead to the low APAC between 1999 and 2013. The lag theory suggests that glacier shrinkage may accelerate in the next 10 years. Small glaciers were more sensitive to climate change, and there was a normal distribution between glacier area and elevation. Glaciers shrank in all aspects, and south aspects diminished faster than others.     

山东省蓬莱市西南王金矿床地质特征与资源前景

西南王金矿床位于栖霞-蓬莱成矿带内,是蓬莱地区西部比较典型的缓倾斜薄层石英脉型金矿床。矿体受NNE—NE向断裂控制,倾向SE,倾角15°~25°,呈薄层脉状,分布于郭家岭序列罗家单元的斑状中粒含黑云二长花岗岩和谭格庄序列牟家单元的片麻状细粒奥长花岗岩中。该文通过对矿床地质特征与矿体空间赋存规律的研究,认为矿床深部及周边区域仍有较好的资源前景。