典型强龙卷风暴中的地闪活动特征

闪电活动对于强龙卷天气的发生有一定的指示作用,基于闪电定位资料,结合多普勒天气雷达、探空和ECMWF再分析资料对两次典型强龙卷风暴中地闪的时空演变、雷电流强度及正地闪活动特征进行了统计分析,结果表明:地闪主要发生在组合反射率因子≥30 dBZ的区域内,龙卷发生期间,地闪活动减弱且较为分散。不同龙卷风暴的地闪频次差异较大,这与风暴中上升气流的强度有关;当地闪频次从峰值降至最小值期间,龙卷及地,两次过程中地闪频次峰值分别提前龙卷发生约33 min和28 min。同时,龙卷及地之前,地闪会出现连续多次闪电跃增;龙卷等级越强,正地闪表现越活跃,特征越明显,在江苏盐城阜宁龙卷发生期间,还出现了地闪极性从正地闪主导向负地闪主导的反转;两次龙卷风暴雷电流强度随时间的变化规律并不明显,但均小于历史平均值,地闪发生愈频繁的龙卷风暴,对应的雷电流强度值愈小。      

Detecting Regional Deep Ocean Warming below 2000 Meter Based on Altimetry,GRACE, Argo,and CTD Data

The deep ocean below 2000 m is a large water body with the sparsest data coverage, challenging the closure of the sea-level budget and the estimation of the Earth's energy imbalance. Whether the deep ocean below 2000 m is warming globally has been debated in the recent decade. However, as the regional signals are generally larger than the global average, it is intriguing to investigate the regional temperature changes. Here, we adopt an indirect method that combines altimetry, GRACE, and Argo data to examine the global and regional deep ocean temperature changes below 2000 m. The consistency between high-quality conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data from repeated hydrographic sections and our results confirms the validity of the indirect method. We find that the deep oceans are warming in the Middle East Indian Ocean, the subtropical North and Southwest Pacific, and the Northeast Atlantic, but cooling in the Northwest Atlantic and Southern oceans from 2005 to 2015.     

SIMS zircon U‐Pb dating from bentonites in the Penglaitan Global Stratotype Section for the Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary (GLB), South China

The Penglaitan section, as the Global Stratotype Section for the Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary (GLB), displays continuous deposition with a complete succession of pelagic conodont zones across the GLB. However, there is no reliable radiometric age from the Penglaitan section itself to constrain the GLB. Here, we report SIMS zircon U‐Pb ages from two bentonite layers (Bed 7c) in the Penglaitan Global Stratotype Section near the GLB. The sample PL‐62‐1 yields a weighted mean ²³⁸U/²⁰⁶Pb age of 257.1 ± 2.2 Ma, and the sample PL‐62‐2 yields a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 257.0 ± 4.2 Ma. Therefore, we consider 257.0–257.1 Ma as the age of deposition of Bed 7c (the end of the C. postbitteri postbitteri conodont Zone, ca. 86 cm above the GLB), and, considering the depositional rate of chert, we suggest 258.6 Ma as the age of the GLB. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宁夏西华山地区马场金矿床地质特征与成因

马场金矿床是宁夏西华山地区目前发现的规模最大的金矿床。文章从矿区地质特征入手,结合前人研究成果,对马场金矿床地质特征进行了详细归纳总结,并对金矿床成因进行了探讨。研究表明,马场金矿床金矿(化)体主要沿NW向断裂和裂隙分布,构造控矿明显,矿体主要由碎裂云母钠长石英片岩、石英脉及煌斑岩脉构成;赋矿围岩为海原群西华山组下岩段(Pt¹₂x¹),该岩段岩性主要为一套云母钠长石英片岩夹云母石英片岩;矿石类型以氧化矿石为主,多呈褐黄色及土黄色,块状、网脉状及蜂窝状构造,碎裂结构明显;围岩蚀变较弱,以黄铁矿化和褐铁矿化为主,各类蚀变或彼此叠加、或相互伴生,分带性不明显;成矿物质主要来源于海原群变质岩,但岩浆活动对金矿化的形成起了重要作用;矿床类型属与煌斑岩有关的中温热液矿床。     

塔宁巴尔海槽断裂特征与构造演化

塔宁巴尔海槽位于印度尼西亚班达弧的东南部,与帝汶海槽以及阿鲁海槽相连接。形成于澳大利亚大陆与班达弧的碰撞过程中,在弧—陆碰撞中,碰撞的轨迹、年龄和方式仍然存在争议,对于塔宁巴尔海槽是否为俯冲带也存在着争议。依据二维地震测线,运用生长指数与古落差法定量分析塔宁巴尔海槽断层,结合测井以及物源研究探讨塔宁巴尔海槽的断裂特征及其构造演化。研究结果表明,塔宁巴尔海槽在白垩世与早上新世断裂活动较为活跃,与构造活动发生的时间相一致,中生代的裂谷作用形成中生代的正断层,早上新世澳大利亚板块与班达弧发生碰撞,弧—陆碰撞导致塔宁巴尔群岛的隆升与塔宁巴尔海槽的沉降并引发了中生代断裂的再活化。海槽的变形持续至晚上新世,形成现今塔宁巴尔海槽形态。     

安达曼海东部台缘阶地中新世生物礁演化特征及其古环境响应

新近纪以来,在大陆边缘以及火山基底隆起等构造背景下,安达曼海域广泛分布生物礁碳酸盐。为了更好地了解安达曼海域的构造演化以及区域古环境特征,通过高分辨率地震剖面,将台地边缘地层划分为5个地震层序。在建立的地震层序格架下,探讨了区域中新世生物礁演化模式及发育控制因素。研究认为安达曼海域东部台缘阶地中新世生物礁生长发育以及空间展布形态主要受中新世时期构造作用所形成的地势形态和海平面升降等因素联合控制。安达曼海中新世经历了裂谷期至弧后走滑拉分期,且伴随着海平面的上升。南部实皆断裂造成的东高西低的地势形态为东部阶地生物礁碳酸盐发育提供了有利场所,次级断裂造成了生物礁东西分割的格局,而海平面的稳定上升使得生物礁稳定生长。     

全球页岩油形成分布潜力及中国陆相页岩油理论技术进展

全球非常规页岩层系油气资源丰富,富有机质页岩主要沉积在劳亚构造域和特提斯构造域的上侏罗统、渐新统—中新统、白垩系和上泥盆统4套页岩层系内。交汇分析北美典型页岩油区块产量与R_o数据关系,提出R_o为0.7%作为低熟页岩油和中高熟页岩油的界限,系统评价了全球116个盆地157套页岩层系中高熟页岩油、低熟页岩油技术可采资源量约2 512亿t,主要分布在北美洲、南美洲、北非和俄罗斯,以前陆盆地中新界、克拉通盆地古生界、裂谷盆地和被动大陆边缘盆地的中生界为主。海相页岩油受显生宙以来的海侵影响,富集在稳定克拉通和前陆等类型盆地中,具大面积稳定分布、成熟度适中等特征;陆相页岩油受暖室期气候影响,主要在坳陷、断陷等类型盆地中发育,以微纳米级无机孔隙和微页理裂缝为主要储渗空间通道,具有沉积相横向变化大、“甜点区段”局部富集等特征。中国石油工业正经历从“陆相页岩生油”向“陆相页岩产油”转变,初步形成源岩油气“进源找油”地质理论、陆相页岩油高效勘探及低成本开发技术体系,推动中国陆相页岩油取得重要突破。着力加强应用基础理论研究与关键技术攻关,构建地质-工程一体化模式,...     

北祁连东段早古生代洋壳俯冲作用记录——来自晚奥陶世高镁埃达克岩的证据

具有特殊成因机制的埃达克质岩石是探究深部岩浆动力学过程与区域构造演化的重要岩石探针之一。本文对北祁连造山带东段宁夏南华山地区出露的石洼里花岗岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年龄、主量-微量元素及锆石原位Hf同位素分析,以探讨其岩石成因及地球动力学意义。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明石洼里花岗岩侵位年龄为452±4 Ma, 为晚奥陶世岩浆活动的产物。岩石具有较高的SiO₂(68.60%~71.42%)、Al₂O₃(14.95%~15.75%)和Na₂O(5.06%~5.79%)含量,较低的K₂O(2.23%~3.10%)、MgO(0.91%~1.73%)含量和较高的Mg^# 值(55~59),属弱过铝质钙碱性系列岩石; 岩石具有高Ba(1 025×10^-6~1 250×10^-6)、Sr(324×10^-6~577×10^-6)和低Y(6.99×10^-6~7.69×10^-6)、Yb(0.65×10^-6~0.71×10^-6)含量,较高的Sr/Y(45~79)和(La/Yb)_N(17~31)值,且无明显Eu负异常。锆石εHf(t)值相对较高,变化范围为+0.5~+15.5。主量-微量元素及同位素分析结果表明石洼里花岗岩具有高镁埃达克岩的典型特征, 可能是在30~40 km深度的岛弧基性下地壳部分熔融的产物,其源区中可能存在早古生代的新生地壳。结合区内蛇绿岩、高压变质岩、弧岩浆岩的研究成果, 笔者认为受北祁连原特提斯洋北向俯冲影响,石洼里高镁埃达克岩形成于老虎山弧后盆地洋壳在晚奥陶世的南向俯冲过程中。     

Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas Exploration and Development and Theoretical Technologies

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil gas resources.Unconventional oil gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0~(12)m~3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling completion and "factory-like" operation pattern, "man-made reservoir" development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.     

闪电河流域水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验

遥感试验是进行遥感原理的验证、遥感模型与反演方法的发展、遥感产品的真实性检验,推动卫星计划的论证实施及其观测在地球系统科学中应用的重要途径。闪电河流域水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验以滦河上游闪电河流域为核心试验区,以地球表层系统的水循环过程和能量平衡为研究对象,旨在通过天—空—地一体化的观测手段,针对不同典型地表类型开展全波段主被动协同遥感观测,研究异质地表和山地条件下像元尺度遥感关键参量的观测方案,研究重要水热参量的遥感方法及其同陆面/水文过程模型的结合,支撑国家民用空间基础设施和空间科学先导专项相关卫星计划的论证实施。其中,航空飞行遥感试验搭载L波段主被动一体化微波载荷、双角度热红外相机、四波段多光谱相机和高光谱成像仪进行协同观测,实现了土壤水分、组分温度、植被含水量、叶面积指数等地表参数以及湖泊、水库、湿地等的遥感监测;地面同步观测试验利用车载微波辐射计、地基雷达和光谱仪进行了典型地物如裸土、植被、水体、人工目标等的遥感观测,并按照样区—样方—样点的多尺度嵌套方案进行了地表参数的同步采样,获取了该地区关键地表参数的短时期时空变化特征;同时配合卫星和机载观测,在闪电河流域完成了土壤温湿度、地表水热通量、地表辐射四分量、降水等气象要素的地面观测网络的建设,为验证地表辐射/散射遥感模型,发展、优化和验证水热参量遥感反演算法,研究地表水热参量尺度效应与尺度转化问题提供了重要平台,将促进陆表能量与水分交换过程的理解及其对全球变化的作用和反馈机制的研究。