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41.
ROCESSES OF EPHEMERAL GULLY EROSION 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Javier Casali 《国际泥沙研究》2000,(1)
IINTRoDUCTIONEphemeralgulliesaresmallerosionalchannelsonagriculturalIandscapescausedbytheconcentrationofoverlandflowtypicallybetweentwoopposingslopes(ahollow),oftenformedduringasingIerainfaIlevent.Sincethescouredsoilvolumeisnotverylargewithinthesegullies,farmerscaneasilyrefillthem.Ingeneral,ephemeralgulliescanreappearatornearthesamelocationonayearlybasisbecausethesurfacetopograPhyofthefielddoesnotchangeappreciably.Mostephemeralgulliesoccuroncultivatedfieldswithhighlyerodiblesoils,withlit… 相似文献
42.
In-situ borehole pressuremeter tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviors of permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, and the test data were analyzed. The test results show that the short-term strength parameters of several types of frozen soils are linearly related to water content and soil temperature. 相似文献
43.
多年冻土区输油管道工程中的(差异性)融沉和冻胀问题 总被引:25,自引:8,他引:17
多年冻土区石油和经济开发不断推动输油管道技术的发展,但是多年冻土区输油管道的(差异性)融沉和冻胀问题仍是关键性难题.寒区管道设计和施工必须考虑沿线的地形和环境条件对冻胀和融沉,以及相应的管道工程基础和结构整体性的影响.阿拉斯加输油管道工程取得成功的原因在于充足的科研投入、讨论和决策时间,以及最终采用的一系列创新设计来保护多年冻土和抑制融沉.这些研究围绕的关键问题是温热油管在多年冻土中的水热效应和差异性融沉和冻胀所导致的管道变形破坏,这些研究对可能出现问题的及早发现、充分理解和正确预测以及最终合理的设计、施工和维护至关重要.罗曼井和格拉线环境温度输油管道在20a左右的运营中,冻胀和融沉都比较显著.准确预测管道和围岩土的冻胀和融沉需要详细的观测研究和模拟试验相结合.在预测的基础上,针对具体问题抑制融沉和冻胀.成功设计、施工和运行寒区输油管道需要科学家、工程师、业界人士和管理部门密切合作. 相似文献
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Spermatozoal enzymes of fish (NAD+- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases and creatine kinase (CK)) were previously determined to be sensitive to tributyltin (TBT) in laboratory experiments and were thus indicated for use as biomarkers for TBT exposure. However, the potential ability of spermatozoal enzymes as biomarkers of TBT exposure has never been recapitulated in a field study. For this purpose, the kinetic activities of spermatozoal enzymes of the natural turbot Scophthalmus maximus population from the Gulf of Gdańsk (GDA) and the Pomeranian Bay (POM) in the southern Baltic Sea were measured. Gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentrations of TBT and its breakdown products, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), in the muscle, liver and testes of the male turbot. Males from GDA had significantly higher enzymatic activities and butyltin (BT) content in tissues than those from POM. A general linear model (GLM) showed that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and CK activities increased significantly with BT concentration in the testes and liver. We indicate the potential effects of TBT pollution on the spermatozoal enzymes of Baltic turbot. 相似文献
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47.
LIU Yuguang ) * YAN Xiao-Hai ) SU Ming-Yang ) ) Physical Oceanography Laboratory College of Marine Environment Ocean University of China Qingdao P..R.China) Center for Remote Sensing Graduate College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Newark DE USA) Oceanography Division Naval Research Laboratory Stennis Space Center MS USA 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2003,2(1)
1 Introduction Numerousinvestigationsondeepwaterwindwavespectrumhavebeen performed (Phillips ,195 8;Bretschneider,195 9;PiersonandMoscowitz ,196 4;Hasselmannetal.,1973;Donelanetal.,1985 ;Ban ner ,1990 ;Wenetal.,1999) .Ondimensionalground ,Phillips (195 8)suggestedthattheequilibriumfre quencyspectrumofwindwavesfordeepwatershouldbe proportionaltoω- 5,andthecorrespondingwavenumberspectrumshouldbe proportionaltok- 4,whereωistheangularfrequencyandkisthewavenumber.Forfully developedwindwaves… 相似文献
48.
LIU Yuguang ) * YAN Xiao-Hai ) SU Ming-Yang ) ) Physical Oceanography Laboratory College of Marine Environment Ocean University of China Qingdao P..R.China) Center for Remote Sensing Graduate College of Marine Studies University of Delaware Newark DE USA ) Oceanography Division Naval Research Laboratory Stennis Space Center MS USA 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2003,2(1)
1 Introduction1.1 Proposed ModelonDirectionalFrequencySpec trum ThisisthePartⅡofthetwo papersetondirection alspectraofwindwaves.Anewmodelonthedirec tionalspectrumofwindwavesfordeepwaterispro posedbasedonthestatisticsofwindwavesinthePartⅠ .Substituting (4 5 )ofPartⅠinto (4 0 )andaddingapeak enhancementitemγΓ,weobtainS(ω ,) =0 .0 0 93αaαwD( ,k) ωpω2 ξ- 4g2ω5×exp - 2 ξ+14[bωp +(1-b)ωp]4ω4 γΓ. (1)Here ,αaisthewaveagefactorofspectralcoefficientdefinedbyαa = ω0 .55… 相似文献
49.
Melbourne Water's Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP) produces a secondary-treated sewage effluent which is chlorinated and discharged into Bass Strait at Boags Rocks, Victoria, Australia. Disappearance of the sensitive brown seaweed Hormosira banksii from rock platforms immediately adjacent to the shore-line discharge was identified in the early 1990s. Subsequently, Melbourne Water and CSIRO undertook an environmental impact assessment and review of land and marine effluent disposal options, which included ambient water quality monitoring, biological monitoring, bioaccumulation studies and toxicity testing of existing effluent to assess the nature and magnitude of the environmental effects. This paper presents data from the toxicity monitoring programs since 2001. Chronic toxicity testing using macroalgal germination and cell division (H. banksii), microalgal growth rate (Nitzschia closterium) and scallop larval development (Chlamys asperrima), confirmed that ammonia was the major cause of effluent toxicity. Results from this toxicity monitoring program were used to develop action trigger values for toxicity for each species, which were then used in a refined monitoring program in 2005-2007. An upgrade of the ETP is in progress to improve nitrification/denitrification in order to reduce ammonia concentrations and the toxicity of the effluent. Toxicity testing with a simulated upgraded effluent confirmed that ammonia concentrations and toxicity were reduced. Estimated "safe" dilutions of effluent, calculated using species sensitivity distributions, decreased from 1:140-300 for existing ETP effluent to 1:20 for nitrified effluent, further confirming that treatment improvements should reduce the impact on marine biota in the vicinity of the discharge. 相似文献
50.
Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS) is an increasingly popular site for recreational fishing and diving in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB). As a result, there has been heightened concern about potential accumulation of marine debris and its consequent effects on sanctuary resources. Field surveys were conducted at GRNMS in 2004 and 2005 to provide a spatially comprehensive characterization of benthic communities and to quantify the distribution and abundance of marine debris in relation to bottom features. The spatial distribution of debris was concentrated in the center of the sanctuary and was most frequently associated with ledges rather than other bottom types. On ledges, the presence and abundance of debris was significantly related to observed boating activity and physiographic features including ledge height, ledge area, and percent cover of benthic organisms. The results from this study will aid managers in optimizing cleanup efforts and long-term monitoring of debris accumulation patterns at GRNMS and other hard bottom areas in the SAB. 相似文献