Tectonometamorphic Cycles in Different Geodynamic Conditions

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｏｆｓｐａｔｉａｌａｎｄｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｒｅｌａ ｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｍｅｔａｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍａｎｄｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｒｅｓｕｌｔ ｅｄ ,ａｔｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｆ 1970ｓ,ｉｎｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｅｃｔｏｎｏｍｅｔａ ｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｃｙｃｌｅｓ (ＴＭＣ)ｗｈｉｃｈｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｏｎｅ ａｃｔｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｍｅｔａｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍａｎｄａｃｃｏｍｐａｎｙｉｎｇｅｎｄｏｇｅ…     

EROSION RATES ON UPLAND AREAS IN THE MIDSOUTH USA

lINTR0DUCTIONSoilerosi0n0fslopingagriculturallandoccursduringandimmediatelyafterrainfalleventswherethesoilsurfaceisn0tadequatelyprotectedfromtheerosiveforces0frainfallandrunoffThebestaltemativefortheconservationplarinerist0minimizesoilerosionasmuchasp0ssible.Managementofsoilsurfaceconditionsinvolvesexperienceandjudgmeniinselectingmanagementpracticesthatutilizecr0presiduesandminimizedisturbancebytillage.Concentfatedrun0ffs0metimescausessevereerosi0n,particularlyonunprotectedsteepslopes.Ril…     

PROCESSES OF HEADCUT GROWTH AND MIGRATION IN RILLS AND GULLIES

lINTRoDUCTIONHeadcuterosionwithinrills,ephemeralguIlies,classicgullies,andstreamscausesseriousenvironmentalproblems.Headcuterosionacceleratesthelossoftopsoilanddecreasestheproductivityofagriculturallands.Erodedsedimentsoftenendupinreceivingstreams,causingwaterqualityproblemsandnegativelyimpactingbioIogicalprocesses.Inadditiontolandscapedegradation,gulliesarethedominantformofdamagetoearthspillways.lfagullycanmovethroughanearthspillwayandbreachthecrestofadam,thentheimpoundedfloodwaterswiI1…     

EFFECT OF COAL MINING ON RIVER SEDIMENTATION-A Case Study From The Shengfu-Dongsheng Coal FieldIn The Loess Plateau, North China

IINTRODUCTIONTheWulanmulunheRiver(theupperreachoftheKuyeheRiver)isatributaryoftheYellowRiver(Fig.I).Ithasawatershedareaof3839km2upstreamfromtheoutletgaugingstationatWangdaohengta(ithasbeensuccessfollyoperatedsince1958).ThisisafieldinthefragileecologicalareaoftheLoessPlateau.AnnualrainfallintheWulanmulenheRiverbasinrangesfrom124mmto640rumwithanaverageof343mm.Themaincharacteristicsofrainfallarehighintensityandspatialandtemporalheterogenety.Nearly70%ofthetotalannualrainfallfallsinthefl…     

Growth of rural population in Punjab, 1971-81

Except for the decade 1941-1951, in which Punjab's population declined because of a huge exchange of population between India and Pakistan and a large loss of life, the decade 1971-1981 was the 1st decade since 1911 to experience a deceleration in the growth rate of the rural population of Punjab, India. The deceleration was due to out-migration to urban areas. The scheduled caste population increased 28.37% between 1971 and 1981, while the nonscheduled caste population increased by only 13.32%, which was considerably below the rate of natural increase. Nonscheduled castes had experienced substantial out-migration because of 1) improved transport and communication facilities which enabled them to move to urban centers; 2) mechanization of main farming operations and easy availability of migrant laborers which lessened the need for family labor; 3) the rise of a relatively mobile younger generation with a high literacy rate; 4) rapidly decreasing land holdings which strengthened the push factor in the countryside; and 5) rising aspirations, especially among the younger generation. In 1981, Sikhs constituted 71.3% of the rural population in Punjab, followed by Hindus (26.51%), Christians (1.25%), and Muslims (.89%). From 1971-1981, Muslims experienced the greatest increase (49.29%). Sikhs grew by 20.74% and Hindus by 9.02%. The Sikhs high growth rate was due to 1) a new technique for counting religious affiliation in which all members of a household are considered the same religion as the head of household and 2) conversion of Hindus to Sikhism. Hindus had a low growth rate because 1) the new method of counting religious affiliation and 2) rural-urban migration. The area with the lowest population increase resulted from industrialists and other nonagriculturists buying farmland, causing the agriculturists to move away to less desirable land. Conclusions are 1) the sharp rural-urban division along religious lines should be lessened, 2) Sikhs' lag in urbanization and upward mobility should be decreased, and 3) nonagriculturalists should be prevented from buying farm land from peasants along main roads and around urban centers.     

Comet Sugano-Saigusa-Fujikawa (1983V)--a small, puzzling comet

Spectroscopic and infrared observations of Comet Sugano-Saigusa-Fujikawa (1983V) were obtained during its close approach to the Earth on 11-14 June 1983. The [O I] production rates of 1.8 +/- 0.9 x 10(26) atoms/s observed on 12.3 June and 7 +/- 3.5 x 10(26) atoms/s on 13.4 June lead to derived water-production rates of 3 x 10(27) mol/s on 12 June and 1.1 x 10(28) mol/s on 13 June. The abundances of the minor species NH2, CN, C2, and C3 are unusually low relative to [O I]. The upper limit to the average nuclear radius from our infrared and visual photometry on 12-13 June (assuming that the entire signal came from the nucleus) is approximately 370 m. The dust/gas mass ratio was <0.01 on June 12 and <0.005 on June 13.     

HCO emission from H II-molecular cloud interface regions

A survey of well-known molecular clouds in the four strongest HCO NK-,K+ = 1(01)-0(00) hyperfine transitions has been carried out to determine the prevalence of HCO and to study its chemistry. HCO emission was observed in seven molecular clouds. Three of these, NGC 2264, W49, and NGC 7538, were not previously known sources of HCO. In addition, NGC 2024 and Sgr B2 were mapped and shown to have extensive HCO emission. The survey results show the HCO abundance to be enhanced in H II-molecular cloud interface regions and support a correlation between C+ and HCO emission. The strength of the HCO emission in NGC 2024 is interpreted in terms of this enhancement and the source structure and proximity to Earth.     

Achieving environmentally relevant organochlorine pesticide concentrations in eggs through maternal exposure in Alligator mississippiensis

Alligator mississippiensis eggs from organochlorine pesticide (OCP) contaminated sites in Florida exhibit high rates of embryonic mortality compared to reference sites (P < 0.05). The objective of the present study was to use captive adult alligators to test the hypotheses that maternal exposure to OCPs results in increased OCP concentrations in eggs, and that increased exposure is associated with increased embryonic mortality. A total of 24 adult alligators (8 males and 16 females) were housed in eight pens. Eight females in four pens were dosed with a mixture of p,p'-DDE, toxaphene, dieldrin, and chlordane at a rate of 0.2+/-0.01 mg/kg/day for 274+/-8 days. Treated females produced eggs containing higher OCP concentrations (12,814+/-813 ng/g yolk) than controls (38+/-4 ng/g yolk). Eggs of treated females exhibited decreased viability (13+/-22%) as compared to controls (45+/-20%). Results indicated that 0.6% of administered OCPs were maternally transferred to the eggs of American alligators, and that maternal exposure is associated with decreased egg/embryo viability in this species.