On the Radii of Close-in Giant Planets

The recent discovery that the close-in extrasolar giant planet HD 209458b transits its star has provided a first-of-its-kind measurement of the planet's radius and mass. In addition, there is a provocative detection of the light reflected off of the giant planet tau Bootis b. Including the effects of stellar irradiation, we estimate the general behavior of radius/age trajectories for such planets and interpret the large measured radii of HD 209458b and tau Boo b in that context. We find that HD 209458b must be a hydrogen-rich gas giant. Furthermore, the large radius of a close-in gas giant is not due to the thermal expansion of its atmosphere but to the high residual entropy that remains throughout its bulk by dint of its early proximity to a luminous primary. The large stellar flux does not inflate the planet but retards its otherwise inexorable contraction from a more extended configuration at birth. This implies either that such a planet was formed near its current orbital distance or that it migrated in from larger distances (>/=0.5 AU), no later than a few times 107 yr of birth.     

封闭条件下抛石路堤降温效果及机理的试验研究

在多年冻土地区道路工程的修筑与维护中, 如何保证多年冻土不退化所采取措施的长期可靠度问题日益为人们所关注. 通过室内试验研究了实际工程中半开放半封闭抛石路堤受到风沙或积雪填埋后,在不同温度变幅条件下的降温效果. 实验结果发现: 在满足一定厚度时, 封闭条件下的块石层仍具有良好的降温效果, 具有可变等效导热系数的特性, 在实验中充分体现了"热二极管效应". 在外界温度变幅较大的条件下, 降温速度和降温效率均大于温度变幅较小的情况. 通过对块石层顶底温差与其顶部温度变化关系, 以及块石层内温度场特征的分析, 证实了封闭块石层内自然对流的真实存在和对流的运动发展趋势. 试验结果为抛石路堤降温的长期可靠性提供了依据.     

未经分离和预富集条件下用ICP—AES测定硅酸盐岩中的10种稀土元素和钇

未经离子交换分离和预富集,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）测定了８种国际岩矿标样中的镧,铈,钕,钐,铕,钆,镝,铒,镱,镥和钇。Ｌａ,Ｃｅ,Ｎｄ,Ｅｕ,Ｙｂ和Ｙ与报道值得一致,而Ｓｍ,Ｇｄ,Ｅｒ和Ｌｕ的结果准确性较差,但是,Ｓｍ,Ｇｄ,Ｅｒ和Ｌｕ的结果也可用于研究岩石成因。     

Evaluation of the presence of major anionic surfactants in marine sediments

The contamination of aquatic environments has become the focus of increasing regulation and public concern due to their potential and unknown negative effects on the ecosystems. The present work develops a monitoring and statistical study, based on the analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and the multivariable analysis, both for insoluble soap and LAS in order to compare the behavior of different anionic surfactants in this environmental compartment. First, a novel and successfully validated methodology to analyze insoluble soap in these samples is developed. The matrix effect and the comparison of different extraction techniques were also performed. The optimized analytical methodologies were applied to 48 representative samples collected from the Almeria Coast (Spain) and then a statistical analysis to correlate anionic surfactant concentration and several variables associated with marine sediment samples was also developed. The results obtained showed relevant conclusions related to the environmental behavior of anionic surfactants in marine sediments.     

多年冻土地区机场跑道修筑技术现状

我国分布有大面积的多年冻土, 根据我国机场建设的中长期规划, 未来将在多年冻土区修建大量机场, 这些机场的修建将不能避免多年冻土问题. 国内关于冻土区机场跑道修筑的经验非常有限, 国外则开始的较早, 并积累了一些经验. 总结分析国内外多年冻土区机场跑道修筑技术的现状, 其跑道类型主要有: 基岩跑道、开挖换填法修筑的跑道、铺设隔热层的跑道、安装热管的跑道, 共4类. 由于我国多年冻土区的特殊性, 国外的跑道修筑经验只能在一定程度上参考. 由于飞机跑道不同于铁(公)路的特殊性, 近年国内在冻土区铁(公)路的修建过程中采用的稳定冻土地基的工程措施如何应用到机场跑道的建设上, 仍需进一步研究、验证和实践. 将来在我国多年冻土区修建机场跑道, 应结合国外已有的技术和经验, 并以我国在多年冻土区线性工程中已取得的经验作为基础, 进一步研究我国多年冻土区机场跑道修筑的关键技术.     

黑龙江省漠河地区土地覆被与地表温度时空变化特征研究

以我国高纬度多年冻土区漠河县城区及郊区862 km²的区域为研究对象,基于RS和GIS技术对该区地表覆被变化和地表温度进行研究。结果表明：地表类型和地表温度反演结果与现场比对结果一致;从1988年到2015年,经过火灾后重建和城镇化发展,建设用地面积增加了11.33 km²;以2015年为例,冬季由于积雪覆盖,有79.02%的区域无植被覆盖,夏季有80.91%的区域为高植被覆盖。冬季地表温度和高程具有高度相关性,高程每升高100 m,地表温度平均升高2.27℃,表明该区地表温度也存在显著的逆温现象。该区城镇热岛效应全年存在,城镇区域地表温度高于全区平均值,夏季最显著,最高温差可达6.37℃。地表温度与NDVI具有明显的负相关关系;不同土地利用类型地表温度由低到高的顺序为水体-林地-草地-裸地-建筑用地。     

边界条件对碎石层降温效果及机理的影响

对平均粒径为22.1 cm, 厚度1.3 m, 边界为开放和封闭的碎石层进行了一系列的实验. 从环境温度为最高和最低时刻封闭碎石层内的温度和速度分布可知: 当碎石层上表面温度低于下表面时,碎石层自下向上的散热由空气对流和碎石间的热传导来完成; 当上表面温度高于下表面时, 自上向下传递的热量由碎石接触面间的热传导完成, 此时, 由于其内部的空气几乎静止, 能阻隔热量的传入, 因此封闭边界的碎石层具有热半导体特性. 而开放边界的碎石层, 当平均温度为 0.5℃的空气从上表面吹过时, 碎石体内的热量传递主要是靠强迫对流来完成, 热半导体效果不明显, 不利于使其下面的冻土降温.     

甘肃道路冰锥病害及防治技术

甘肃省大部分地区位于寒冷地区,各种道路冻害十分严重.通过调研,分析了甘肃省道路冰锥分布、发生机理及危害,针对冰锥类型提出了相应的防治措施.甘肃省道路冰锥主要分布在甘南高原、祁连山区及东段的乌鞘岭地区.冰锥类型多样,威胁道路安全的冰锥类型主要为工程活动诱发冰锥,其次是天然形成的山坡冰锥.在213国道合作-郎木寺改建工程中利用了提高路基、排水沟与涵洞结合、渗水盲沟及改变水流方向等方法防治道路冰锥,效果理想.