Bivariate frequency analysis of nonstationary low‐flow series based on the time‐varying copula

Many studies have analysed the nonstationarity in single hydrological variables due to changing environments. Yet, few researches have been done to investigate how the dependence structure between different individual hydrological variables is affected by changing environments. To investigate how the reservoirs have altered the dependence structure between river flows at different locations on the Hanjiang River, a time‐varying copula model, which takes the nonstationarity in the marginal distribution and/or the time variation in dependence structure between different hydrological series into consideration, is presented in this paper to perform a bivariate frequency analysis for the low‐flow series from two neighbouring hydrological gauges. The time‐varying moments model with either time or reservoir index as explanatory variables is applied to build the time‐varying marginal distributions of the two low‐flow series. It's found that both marginal distributions are nonstationary, and the reservoir index yields better performance than the time index in describing the nonstationarities in the marginal distributions. Then, the copula with the dependence parameter expressed as a function of either time or reservoir index is applied to model the variable dependence between the two low‐flow series. The copula with reservoir index as the explanatory variable of the dependence parameter has a better fitting performance than the copula with the constant or the time‐trend dependence parameter. Finally, the effect of the time variation in the joint distribution on three different types of joint return periods (i.e. AND, OR and Kendall) of low flows at two neighbouring hydrological gauges is presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种循序渐进的无人机航测实践教学模式

以有效培养学生实践能力为目标,提出了一种循序渐进的无人机航测实践教学模式,分为基本能力实训和强化能力实训.基本能力的外业实训通过无人机地面站设置2D航线以获取垂直影像,内业实训利用数字摄影测量网格系统(Digital Photogrammetric Grid,DPGrid)软件生产数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)、数字正射影像(Digital Orthophoto Map,DOM)、数字线划地图(Digital Line Graphic,DLG),Pix4Dmapper软件生产数字地表模型(Digital Surface Model,DSM)、DOM,DPGrid软件分模块按步骤执行且人机交互多,更适合学生基本能力的实践教学;强化能力的外业实训通过无人机地面站设置3D航线以获取倾斜影像,内业实训通过Agisoft Metashape和ContextCapture软件进行倾斜影像处理,生产3D模型,ContextCapture软件的三维重建效果好,Agisoft Metashape软件的分模块按步骤执行过程详细,更适合学生强化能力的实践教学.     

晚三叠世中卡尼期极端气候事件:研究进展及存在问题

作为三叠纪最显著的气候变化事件,全球性的卡尼期气候事件以幕次降雨量增多为特征,在西北特提斯洋地区表现较为明显,主要反映了从碳酸盐岩到黑色页岩的岩性变化,近年来这一地质事件在美国、中国、日本等地的卡尼阶地层中也有识别.其成因一直是学者研究的重点,有人认为是板块构造运动促使大气或大洋循环发生了变化,或是超级大陆聚合碰撞而触发大火成岩省喷发致使全球气候发生了紊乱,也有人认为是地球系统综合因素相互作用的结果.联系到中国西南部地区卡尼阶现状,认为超级季风、构造运动和卡尼期气候变化的关系值得深入研究,此外卡尼期气候事件过程中碳酸盐补偿深度上升问题、卡尼期黑色页岩事件反映的大洋生产力以及多幕卡尼期气候事件反映的气候波动事件等科学问题也是今后的研究中值得重视的.     

安徽庐江泥河铁矿床蚀变-矿化作用及元素迁移规律

传统方法不能明确揭示泥河铁矿床多阶段热液叠加蚀变过程中元素迁移的继承性特征.运用等浓度图法(the isocon diagram),根据该区晚阶段蚀变都是叠加在稍早阶段蚀变之上的实际情况,采用早期蚀变岩石为原岩与稍晚期蚀变岩石的不活动元素拟合最佳等浓度方程,定量揭示主量元素在热液蚀变过程的迁移规律.研究表明,泥河铁矿床阳离子的沉淀顺序大致为:Na→Ca、Mg、Fe、P→Ca、Fe→Al、Si.从早到晚,元素的带入和带出是连续互补的,蚀变矿化作用是一个连续的过程.钠长石的大量出现是Na质沉淀的标志,代表铁矿化的开始;膏辉岩化是Ca、Mg、Fe质沉淀的表现形式,为磁铁矿体的近矿和容矿蚀变;次生石英岩化、高岭石化是早期迁移出的Al、Si质沉淀的结果,是磁铁矿化远程指示性蚀变.      

西沙群岛西科1井中新统-上新统白云岩微观特征及成因

西科1井白云岩主要分布于上中新统黄流组, 在上新统莺歌海组二段和中中新统梅山组有零星分布; 主要的白云岩层段一般发育在褐色铁质矿物浸染的古暴露面之下.根据岩石铸体薄片观察、阴极发光及扫描电镜测试分析, 西科1井白云岩中白云石总体上呈微晶及细粉晶双峰态结构, 微晶白云石为灰岩基质经选择性白云石化的结果, 呈平直晶面半自形晶, 主要为泥微晶基质白云石化的结果; 粉晶-细晶白云石呈平直晶面自形晶, 为胶结物白云石或过度白云化结果, 过度白云化雾心亮边白云石的"亮边"与胶结物白云石成分一致, 阴极发光下二者显示同样的光性特征.微量元素测试及碳氧同位素测试表明: 白云岩一般具有低铁、低锰含量, δ18O_PDB均为正值, 变化于2.293‰~5.072‰之间, δ13C_PDB变化于1.214‰~3.051‰之间; 西科1井白云岩与西琛1井白云岩具有相似的层位分布特征和碳、氧同位素特征, 可能反映着相同或相似的成因.回流渗透模式可能适用于西沙地区白云岩, 频繁的海平面升降、环礁内蒸发环境及与中新世末期构造运动有关的热流体上涌促进了西沙地区白云岩的形成, 高渗透性礁相碳酸盐岩沉积为高Mg/Ca比值的蒸发水回流渗透提供了运移通道.      

壳内熔融与大陆造山——中山大学地质学系成立90周年暨陈国达院士诞辰102周年纪念

本文将造山作用分为地槽褶皱造山和地台(克拉通)活化造山两种类型,并认为两者均起因于板块的汇聚过程。地槽造山是洋壳向陆壳的转换过程,其标志是地槽沉积物初次熔融形成的、以TTG为主的"不成熟花岗岩"产生。板块俯冲过程的能量转换,导致大陆岩石圈内能升高,包括TTG在内的基底地槽构造层的再次熔融(重熔),产生再生或重熔岩浆形成活化造山期的"成熟花岗岩";壳内重熔岩浆层形成和增厚最终导致大陆克拉通发生大规模压缩变形(活化造山)。造山作用的多幕性和花岗岩活动多期性,以及上老下新的花岗岩"层序",被认为主要与板块俯冲过程的能量转换速度有关。     

Spatial and temporal water quality characteristics of Poyang Lake Migratory Bird Sanctuary in China

Poyang Lake Migratory Bird Sanctuary includes Bang Lake, Sha Lake, Dahu Lake, and estuaries of the Xiu and Gan Rivers in the Migratory Bird Natural Reserve. Water samples were collected and analyzed to study spatial and temporal water quality variation. Strong seasonal variation of water quality was found. The water quality of Bang Lake was relatively poor compared to Sha and Dahu Lakes in the wet season, but better in the normal season. During the dry season, the water quality of Bang Lake is negatively affected by the activity of migratory birds. According to the correlation analysis of monthly concentrations of each parameter, the concentrations of COD, NH?-4–N, and NO3–N were highly correlated. The correlation index was 0.829 and significance index was0.042 \ 0.05. From north to south within Bang Lake, the concentration of TN decreased; however, the concentration of Chl-a increased. From east to west within Bang Lake,concentrations of COD, NH?4–N, NO-3–N, and Chl-a increased. The Xiu and Gan Rivers influence the water quality of Bang Lake, especially in the northeast area of the lake. The water quality of Bang Lake only reached Chinese water quality standard level IV or V according to a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The evaluation factors impacting Bang Lake are TN[TP[NH?4–N[COD, in order of decreasing importance. The waters of Poyang Lake Migratory Bird Sanctuary have been polluted; one of the important contributing factors was migratory birds’ disturbance and feces.     

Fluid evolution of the Chalukou giant Mo deposit in the northern Great Xing'an Range,NE China

The Chalukou giant Mo deposit in the Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China, is a porphyry deposit hosted in an intermediate‐felsic complex surrounded by Mesozoic volcano–sedimentary rocks. The mineralization process is composed of four stages, including quartz + K‐feldspar (Stage I), quartz + molybdenite (Stage II), pyrite + chalcopyrite + quartz ± other sulphides (Stage III) and carbonate ± fluorite ± quartz (Stage IV). The mineralization is generally associated with intense K‐feldspar‐, fluorite‐, phyllic‐ and propylitic alteration. Primary fluid inclusions (FIs) in quartz include four compositional types, i.e. pure carbonic (PC‐type), aqueous‐carbonic (C‐type), daughter mineral‐bearing (S‐type) and aqueous (W‐type) inclusions. Halite, sylvite and hematite are recognized as the daughter minerals in Stage I S‐type FIs, whereas molybdenite and chalcopyrite occur as daughter minerals in Stage II S‐type FIs. High‐salinity and high pressure (>220 MPa) FIs exist in Stage I quartz veins, characterized by homogenization through halite dissolution at temperatures of 324 to 517 °C. The paucity of coexisting vapour‐rich FIs with similar homogenization temperatures at this stage indicates that the initial S‐type inclusions have directly exsolved from the magma rather than boiling off of a low‐salinity vapour. Stage I quartz has captured the C‐ and W‐type FIs, which have totally homogenized at 270–530 °C with salinities of 1.6–17.0 wt.% NaCl equiv. At Stage II, the coexistence of all FI types were only observed at pressures of 150–218 MPa and temperatures of 352–375 °C, with two salinity clusters of 0.9–16.6 wt.% NaCl equiv. and 37–56 wt.% NaCl equiv. Stage III quartz contains W‐type FIs with homogenization temperatures of 158–365 °C, salinities of 0.5–9.0 wt.% NaCl equiv., and minimum pressures of 12–116 MPa; whilst Stage IV fluorite or calcite only contains W‐type FIs with homogenization temperatures of 121–287 °C, salinities of 0.5–5.3 wt.% NaCl equiv., and minimum pressures of 10–98 MPa. The estimated trapping pressure from Stages II to III suggests an alternating lithostatic–hydrostatic fluid‐system caused by fluid boiling. Ore fluids at the Chalukou Mo deposit may have been evolved from a CO₂‐rich, high‐salinity, and high‐oxygen fugacity (fO₂) magma system, to a CO₂‐poor, low‐salinity, and low‐fO₂ epithermal system. Two key points may have contributed to the formation of the Chalukou giant Mo deposit: The magmatic origin and fluid boiling that has resulted in decompression and rapid precipitation of metals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅析杭州市江海湿地概念规划设计

江海湿地公园作为萧山区大江东新城地区和杭州东部生态带的核心生态系统,其概念规划方案将生态系统的修复和保护融入城市规划、产业布局和经济发展模式之中。根据当地的生态结构特点、水文和环境要素、野生动植物种群等自然资源,划分高、中、低三类不同生态敏感层次的生态保护区,并结合不同的水文特征设计了5种类型的淡水湿地和盐碱湿地。从整体上协调了湿地生态保护区域与休闲观光、科研教育以及周边产业发展之间的关系,为今后湿地和生态景观设计起到重要的借鉴作用。     

Effects of grazing exclusion on plant productivity and soil carbon,nitrogen storage in alpine meadows in northern Tibet,China

Grazing exclusion is widely adopted in restoring degraded alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, its effectiveness remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of grazing exclusion on plant productivity, species diversity and soil organic carbon （SOC） and soil total nitrogen （STN） storage along a transect spanning from east to west of alpine meadows in northern Tibet, China. After six years of grazing exclusion, plant cover, aboveground biomass （AGB）, belowground biomass （BGB）, SOC and STN were increased, but species diversity indices declined. The enhancement of AGB and SOC caused by grazing exclusion was correlated positively with mean annual precipitation （MAP）. Grazing exclusion led to remarkable biomass increase of sedge species, especially Kobresia pygmaea, whereas decrease of biomass in forbs and no obvious change in grass, leguminous and noxious species. Root biomass was concentrated in the near surface layer （10 cm） after grazing exclusion. The effects of grazing exclusion on SOC storage were confined to shallow soil layer in sites with lower MAP. It is indicated that grazing exclusion is an effective measure to increase forage production and enhance soil carbon sequestration in the studied region. The effect is more efficient in sites with higher precipitation. However, the results revealed a tradeoff between vegetation restoration and ecological biodiversity. Therefore, carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in the alpine meadows. We suggest that grazing exclusion should be combined with other measures to reconcile grassland restoration and biodiversitv conservation.