Factors influencing the accuracy of the photogrammetry-based deformation measurement method

Triaxial test has been widely used to investigate the stress–strain relationship of unsaturated soils. During triaxial testing, soil volume is an essential parameter to be measured. For an unsaturated soil, due to the presence of air phase, accurate volume/deformation measurement during triaxial testing was a great challenge for researchers. Recently, a photogrammetry-based method has been developed to measure the soil volume/deformation during triaxial testing. Preliminary triaxial test results indicate the new method is simple, accurate, and cost- and time-effective. However, some concerns regarding its measurement accuracy and applicability, which are critical for the dissemination of the photogrammetry-based method, have been raised by other researchers. These concerns were addressed in details in this study. The factors concerning the deformation measurement accuracy were systematically evaluated through a series of triaxial tests on an aluminum cylinder with different confining media and chamber pressures. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to investigate the impact of the system parameters on the volume measurement accuracy of the photogrammetry-based method. In addition, a triaxial test on a saturated sand specimen was conducted to evaluate the influences of mesh density, mesh pattern, and interpolation technique on the volume change measurement accuracy. Finally, some suggestions were provided to improve the accuracy of the photogrammetry-based measurement method.

     

Analysis of nonstationarity in low flow in the Loess Plateau of China

An approach for nonstationary low‐flow frequency analysis is developed and demonstrated on a dataset from the rivers on the Loess Plateau of China. Nonstationary low‐flow frequency analysis has drawn significant attention in recent years by establishing relationships between low‐flow series and explanatory variables series, but few studies have tested whether the time‐varying moments of low flow can be fully described by the time‐varying moments of the explanatory variables. In this research, the low‐flow distributions are analytically derived from the 2 basic explanatory variables—the recession duration and the recession coefficient—with the assumption that the recession duration and recession coefficient variables follow exponential and gamma distributions, respectively; the derived low‐flow distributions are applied to test whether the time‐varying moments of explanatory variables can explain the nonstationarities found in the low‐flow variable. The effects of ecosystem construction measures, that is, check dam, terrace, forest, and grassland, on the recession duration and recession coefficient are further discussed. Daily flow series from 11 hydrological stations from the Loess Plateau are used and processed with a moving average technique. Low‐flow data are extracted following the pit under threshold approach. Six of the 11 low‐flow series show significant nonstationarities at the 5% significance level, and the trend curves of the moments of low flow are in close agreement with the curves estimated from the derived distribution with time‐dependent moments of the recession duration and time‐constant moments of the recession coefficient. It is indicated that the nonstationarity in the low‐flow distribution results from the nonstationarity in the recession duration in all 6 cases, and the increase in the recession duration is resulted from large‐scale ecosystem constructions rather than climate change. The large‐scale ecosystem constructions are found to have more influence on the decrease in streamflow than on the increase in watershed storage, thus resulting in the reduction of low flow. A high return period for the initial fixed design value decreases dramatically with an increasing recession duration.     

区位因素影响下高铁站区产业结构特征——基于POI数据的实证分析

高铁站被视为拉动城市经济增长的新型空间,研究其周边产业结构对指导高铁站区的开发具有重要意义。本文选取了全国范围内9个不同区位、不同等级的高铁站为研究对象,以高铁站周边3000 m范围内10类产业的POI信息作为研究数据,通过Ripley's K函数、核密度估计和产业指数等方法探索不同区位下高铁站区的产业结构特征。研究发现：① 当高铁站的等级规模相同时,高铁站距离城市中心越远,站区内产业POI总数一般就越少。其中,购物服务、餐饮服务、生活服务和公司企业4类产业的POI数量显著高于其他产业。② 所有高铁站区的产业在1500 m的观测距离内均呈现出显著的集聚分布特征。其中,中心站产业集聚程度的变化较为平缓,城区站产业集聚程度最高,变化幅度也更大,而新城站的规律特征不明显。③ 中心站的产业集聚区域主要分布在高铁站周边0~2500 m的范围内,城区站的产业集聚现象在500~2500 m范围内较为明显,而新城站的产业集聚区域则集中在0~1500 m、2000~3000 m的范围以内。④ 基本服务产业和衍生服务产业主要集中于内圈层和中间圈层,相关服务产业则主要分布在中间圈层和外圈层,各圈层内产业复合特征明显,且高铁站越远离城市中心,其对产业的辐射作用越弱,产业衰减趋势也越明显。基于以上结论,本文认为未来高铁站区的产业开发更应关注土地开发集约化和产业发展复合化。     

黑河流域降水统计——动力降尺度问题研究

依据区域气候模式RIEMS2.0输出的3 km高分辨率数据和站点降水记录分析了中国西北黑河流域降水的动力降尺度和统计—动力降尺度问题,检验了多种因子组合下多元线性回归（MLR）和贝叶斯模式平均（BMA）降尺度模型,评估了降尺度降水的均方根误差、相关系数、方差百分率及“负降水”偏差率等方面的统计特征。结果表明,动力降尺度降水相关系数最高,误差也最大,降水方差达到观测值的1.5～2倍;除相关系数外,统计—动力降尺度模型的几个统计特征均最优,纯统计模型次之。检验表明,仅用700 hPa位势高度场、经向风和比湿等构建的统计降尺度模型估计的站点降水相关系数较低,均方根误差也较大。当在统计降尺度模型中引入模式降水因子后站点降水的估计得到明显改善,其中MLR类模型的降水相关系数和方差百分率均明显高于BMA类模型,均方根误差二者相当,但前者“负降水”出现频次明显大于后者,“负降水”偏差主要出现在降水稀少的冬半年及黑河中、下游干旱或极端干旱区,上游出现频率较低,其中MLR类模型“负降水”出现频次明显高于BMA类模型,后者仅出现在黑河中、下游地区。包含模式降水因子的统计—动力降尺度模型能减少“负降水”出现...     

基于遥感和统计数据的成都市碳氧平衡分析

以四川省成都市为研究区,利用2014年Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像,提取该区土地利用/覆被数据,并结合经济、交通、生产耗能等基础统计数据,构建碳-氧平衡分析模型,对2014年碳氧收支量进行了研究,并对碳-氧平衡状况进行分析评价。结果表明,成都市2014年碳平衡系数为-0.049,氧平衡系数为-0.503。由于成都市东中西部社会活动功能差异和土地覆被类型分布不均,导致成都市19个行政区的碳氧平衡差异明显。最后,基于研究结果,对降低碳释放、社会经济活动和生态空间格局方面提出相应建议,可为成都市生态文明建设提供科学依据。     

地图符号的认知语义分析与动态生成

面向位置服务背景下地图符号按需和动态表达的需求,提出了一种基于认知语义分析的地图符号结构化描述模型,以及建立在此基础上的地图符号动态生成方法。结构化描述模型立足"现实—认知—符号"的认知语义原理,以地图符号语素为基本单元、以语义结构为描述框架,侧重描写符号图形和语义之间的关联映射机制。动态生成方法的核心是一种规则控制语素组合构造符号的上下文无关文法模型,通过对图形语素、形态结构语素以及符号生成规则系统进行建模,重构了地图符号动态生成的文法编译器。以个性化导航路径符号为例,通过面向不同情境和语义结构的符号动态生成试验,验证了本文方法的可行性。本文研究将有助于进一步理解地图符号的认知和结构原理,并促进相关行业和应用领域地图符号化的按需和动态表达的水平。     

THE CONTRASTS BETWEEN STRONG AND WEAK MJO ACTIVITY OVER THE EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC IN WINTER

This paper investigates the contrasts between strong and weak Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity over the equatorial western Pacific during winter using the NCEP reanalysis data. It is shown that the MJO over the equatorial western Pacific in winter shows significant interannual and interdecadal variabilities. During the winters with strong MJO activity, an anomalous cyclonic circulation lies east of the Philippines, strong anomalous easterlies control the equatorial eastern Pacific, and anomalous westerlies extend from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific in the lower troposphere, which strengthens the convergence and convection over the equatorial western Pacific. The moisture convergence in the lower troposphere is also enhanced over the western Pacific, which is favorable to the activity of MJO. Eastward propagation is a significant feature of the MJO, though there is some westward propagation. The space-time spectral power and center period of the MJO are higher during strong MJO activity winters. The anomalous activity of MJO is closely related to the sea surface temperature (SST) and East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). During strong MJO activity winters, there are positive/negative anomalies at high/low latitudes in both sea level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height, and the temperature is lower over the central part of the Chinese mainland, which indicates a strong EAWM. China experiences more rainfall between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, but less rainfall south of the Yangtze River. The SSTA is negative near the Taiwan Island due to the impact of strong EAWM and shows a La Ni?a pattern anomaly over the eastern Pacific. During the weak MJO activity winters, the situation is reversed.     

Global ionospheric electron density estimation based on multisource TEC data assimilation

GPS Solutions - We developed a parameterized ionospheric electron density model based on the IRI-2012 model by spherical harmonic expansions in the horizontal and empirical orthogonal functions in...     

Point grid map: a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points

ABSTRACT

Social, economic, and environmental statistical data associated with geographic points are currently globally available in large amounts. When conventional thematic maps, such as proportional symbol maps or point diagram maps, are used to represent these data, the maps appear cluttered if the point data volumes are relatively large or cover a relatively dense region. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points: the point grid map. In a point grid map, an input point data set is transformed into a grid in which each point is represented by a square grid cell of equal size while preserving the relative position of each point, which leads to a clear and uncluttered appearance, and the grid cells can be shaded or patterned with symbols or diagrams according to the attributes of the points. We present an algorithm to construct a point grid map and test it with several simulated and real data sets. Furthermore, we present some variants of the point grid map.     

一种融合空间拓扑关系的室内无线定位方法

针对仅利用无线信号源和其发射信号强度定位会丢失待测位置与信号源之间固有空间关系的问题,提出了利用已知位置接收信号源发射的无线信号强度测量未知点的低成本室内定位方法。该方法深入分析了待定位点和无线信号源以及信号覆盖范围之间的空间关系,充分利用RCC-8空间关系模型进行无线定位。实验结果表明,采用这种融合空间拓扑关系的基于无线信号强度的室内定位方案能够优化定位流程,并在测得位置中反映待测点和信号源之间的相对空间关系。