雷暴路径在雷击风险评估中的应用初探

落雷的强度、密度及其时空分布、雷暴路径是反映某一区域雷电活动规律的主要内容,目前对雷暴路径的研究还较少,通过分析得出:地面物体遭雷击的概率与雷暴路径有关,位于雷暴路径上风方的物体更易受雷击,在实际防雷工作中,要考虑雷暴路径对雷击点的影响,而不单是几何模型的关系.对位置因子的确定,应结合雷暴路径的因素,考虑周围物体的影响,适当增加或降低雷击风险评估标准中给予的参考值.此外,本文认为绕击现象并非仅与雷电流强度有关,还与雷暴路径密切相关.     

Organochlorines and dioxin-like compounds in green-lipped mussels Perna viridis from Hong Kong mariculture zones

Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and dioxin-like compounds were measured in green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, collected from seven mariculture zones in Hong Kong between September and October in 2002 in order to evaluate the status, spatial distribution and potential sources of pollution in these areas. Concentrations ranged from 300 to 4400 ng/g lipid weight for total OCs and 170–1000 ng/g lipid weight for total PCBs (based on 28 congeners). Relatively smaller DDT concentrations in mussels compared with previous studies suggest reduced discharges of DDTs from nearby regions into Hong Kong waters. Detection of a mixture of HCH isomers in the mussels indicated that Hong Kong waters were predominantly contaminated by technical HCHs rather than lindane. Mussel samples from all sampling locations elicited significant dioxin-like activity in the H4IIE-luc bioassay. The greatest magnitude of dioxin-like response (39 pg TEQ/g wet wt.) was detected in mussels from Ma Wan in the western waters of Hong Kong, which is strongly influenced by the Pearl River discharge. Human health risk assessment was undertaken to evaluate potential risks associated with the consumption of the green-lipped mussels. Risk quotient (RQ) for dioxin-like compounds was greater than unity suggesting that adverse health effects may be associated with high mussel consumption.     

Constraints on spatial variability in soft-sediment communities affected by contamination from an Antarctic waste disposal site

A small-scale (<500 m length) transect-based survey was conducted in December 1998 to examine the spatial distribution of soft-sediment communities and of concentrations of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in sediments in Brown Bay, adjacent to an abandoned waste dump, at Casey Station, Antarctica. Samples were taken along three transects at increasing distances (nine stations) from the shore-line waste dump. A gradient of contamination was detected, but concentrations of contaminants were very variable with "hotspots" or high levels of contaminants at some stations. Multivariate analysis revealed that the distribution of soft-sediment communities was distinctly different between the inner, middle and outer stations. Abundances of most taxa were very variable with few patterns apparent, but some fauna displayed an abundance gradient from the inner to the outer part of the bay. Many taxa had maximum abundances at outer stations and minimum at inner stations. Multivariate correlations between environmental variables and soft-sediment communities indicated that combinations of some metals (Cd, Cu, Sn, Pb) and grain size (mainly finer fractions, fine sands and coarse silts) were the variables that best "matched" the community patterns within Brown Bay. This study indicated that there were significant correlations between the presence of contaminants and the distribution and composition of soft-sediment communities over very small spatial scales.     

加权多变量灰色模型在变形监测中的应用

在变形监测过程中,监测因子较多,难以对监测因子进行合理的取舍。首先利用灰关联度分析方法,将监测因子根据灰关联度进行关联排序,为合理选择监测因子提供理论依据;然后,利用得到的关联度进行平滑处理,并将其作为权值建立加权多变量灰色模型,推广了传统的多变量灰色模型,提高了预测精度;最后,以南充水库土石坝沉降数据为例,验证了模型的正确性。算例结果表明,加权多变量灰色模型的平均相对误差比传统灰色模型小,模型精度也比传统模型高。     

噪声源的时空分布及其对噪声互相关函数的影响——以ChinArray二期数据为例

噪声源的空间分布和季节变化会对噪声互相关函数中的信号产生一定影响.本文选取了 ChinArrry二期台阵南部的 322 个宽频带地震台,利用其 2013年9 月至 2016年6 月的垂直分量连续记录计算了台站间的互相关函数,进而通过背景噪声能量流的方法,分析了周期频段4～8 s,8～12 s和 12～20 s的噪声能量随时间的演化规律.结果表明,在不同频段,背景噪声的强度及优势来源方向均具明显的季节变化,且不同周期频段的噪声能量变化规律有所差异.总体而言,噪声能量在北半球冬季较强,夏季较弱,与全球海洋活动的季节性变化一致,能量优势来源方向也与全球海浪波高分布相符.同时,在 10～20 s频段范围内,噪声互相关函数中存在较强的异常信号.该信号在环形台阵路径上的到时呈现随方位角的规律变化,且冬季较强,夏季较弱.基于走时的分析表明,该信号是由大西洋北部的一个强噪声源激发产生的.在特定路径上,该信号可能对频散提取产生干扰.研究表明,噪声源分布的不均匀性以及季节变化会对噪声互相关函数中信号的细节形态产生影响,进而影响格林函数的收敛程度,相关精细化研究应对噪声源的特性予以关注.     

基于COSI-Corr技术的龙羊峡库区1987—2019年风沙输移特征及潜在入库量估算

风沙活动威胁着龙羊峡水库的安全运营,查清沙害来源和入库量对于防治水患和沙害具有重要意义。基于1987、1995、2003、2013、2019年的Landsat卫星影像,利用COSI-Corr技术监测了龙羊峡库区不同时空的沙丘移动特征,并重新评估库区近32 a的潜在风沙入库量。结果显示：（1）1987—2019年龙羊峡库区沙丘平均移动速率为5.81 m·a^-1,呈先加速（1987—2003年）后减速（2003—2013年）再加速（2013—2019年）趋势;沙丘移动方向在132.81°—165.82°范围内,与该区主风向一致。（2）近32 a向龙羊峡水库输送的潜在风沙量可达7.82×10⁷ m3（1.20×10⁸ t）。上风向塔拉滩潜在输送量为7.38×10⁷ m3（1.14×10⁸ t）,下风向木格滩仅贡献了0.44×10⁷ m3（0.68×10⁷ t）。（3）库区内风沙输移受风况、气候、植被等多种因素的影响,在未来全球变暖条件下,青藏高原的风沙活动将会持续发展,风沙入库量的长期累计效应将对水库安全构成严重威胁,必须引起足够重视。     

对流移入杭州湾后飑线发展机制分析

为加深对杭州湾影响下飑线维持机制的理解,利用多普勒天气雷达、常规和加密观测资料以及NCEP GFS资料,分析了2014年7月27日浙北飑线成因,并重点探讨了此次飑线过程中对流从北岸和南岸移入杭州湾的演变过程及对飑线整体发展的作用。分析表明:南北向辐合线触发新的雷暴单体生成及中等强度的深层垂直风切变,是此次飑线生成和发展的关键环境条件;飑线中对流从南北两岸移入杭州湾后强度均加强,使得飑线得到更好的维持发展;杭州湾上更好的水汽和更强不稳定能量条件,使从北岸移入杭州湾的对流单体加强并连接苏南、浙北两条线状对流,这是进而使得飑线持续发展的重要原因;杭州湾表面与陆地相当的温度和湿度,以及海上较强的垂直风切变,使南岸入海对流强度维持,并在地面冷池和后侧入流的共同影响下发展成弓形回波,这也是飑线维持的重要因素。     

川西地区一次人工防雹的分析与研究

人工防雹是指为避免或者减轻冰雹引起的气象灾害,在适当的天气条件下,通过人工干预,对冰雹云的物理过程进行影响,实现防雹活动。本文对雅安市汉源县2016年5月6日发生的一次冰雹过程进行人工防雹作业,通过分析人工防雹作业前的天气背景,作业情况和冰雹实况,以及利用雷达、卫星、雨量来分析防雹效果,并对如何提高本地防雹作业效益提出一些针对性的对策建议。