N451型伽玛能谱测井探管的研制与铀钍伽玛能谱测井技术研究

为准确测定铀钍混合型矿床中矿层的铀、钍含量,研制了 N451型伽玛能谱测井探管,并将该探管配接在 HD 4002B轻型综合测井系统上组成了伽玛能谱测井系统.基于该系统,建立了伽玛能谱测井仪的校正方法、伽玛能谱测井的数据处理方法和野外测井工作方法.N451型伽玛能谱测井探管具有探测效率高、自动稳谱系统抗辐射能力强的特点,在铀矿勘查中连续测定钻孔中矿层的U、Th含量,效果良好.     

硝酸盐氮同位素指示的青海湟水河中可能的氮污染来源

系统测定了青海湟水河枯水期河水的硝酸盐(NO-₃)含量及其氮同位素组成(δ¹⁵N-NO-₃),详细分析了青海湟水河流域硝酸盐浓度及氮同位素组成的变化特征,基于此初步探讨了河水中可能的氮污染来源。结果显示,研究时段内湟水河河水的NO-₃浓度范围为0.1~38.0 mg/L,平均值为15.9 mg/L,约56%的河水样品中的NO-₃含量超过我国《地表水环境质量标准》中V类水氮含量的标准限值。湟水河河水δ¹⁵N-NO-₃值的变化范围为+2.7‰~+16.8‰,平均值为+8.5‰,反映出受不同氮来源的影响。总体而言,湟水河NO-₃浓度自源头至下游整体呈增大趋势,但各区段δ¹⁵N-NO-₃值的变化幅度却存在较大差异。对比分析发现,流域内河水较高的δ¹⁵N-NO-₃值可能指示河水中的硝态氮主要来源于工业生产以及人类生活排放的污水或粪便;而较低的δ¹⁵N-NO-₃值指示河水中的硝态氮主要来源于大气氮沉降或与农业活动有关的土壤。     

珠三角空间梯度葫芦藓的重金属含量及其环境指示意义

以珠三角空间梯度上的核心区广州、近郊区肇庆鼎湖及远郊区怀集三地的葫芦藓为研究对象,对其重金属污染进行研究。结果显示:珠三角地区葫芦藓重金属含量呈明显的梯级分布,其中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd含量均表现为广州最高,分别为47.64、68.83、252.87、64.20和1.02mg/kg;肇庆次之,分别为36.34、40.51、143.49、51.29和0.64mg/kg;怀集最低,分别为16.42、11.80、97.13、32.43和0.21mg/kg。珠三角地区葫芦藓内不同重金属的含量差异反映了来源差异,其中Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu之间呈显著正相关关系,反映了重金属元素来自于相同的污染源;而Cr与Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的相关性相对弱一些,说明Cr的污染源与其他元素存在一些差异,或者说这个元素与其他元素同时污染大气的可能性相对小一些。分析进一步揭示,三地葫芦藓污染同三地大气污染以及工业化进程存在一定的耦合性。基于此,指出葫芦藓可作为研究环境污染的指示标志,具有重要的环境指示意义。     

Sedimentology,palaeoenvironments and biostratigraphy of the Pliocene–Pleistocene carbonate platform of Grande‐Terre (Guadeloupe,Lesser Antilles forearc)

Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits from Grande‐Terre (Guadeloupe archipelago, French Lesser Antilles) provide a remarkable example of an isolated carbonate system built in an active margin setting, with sedimentation controlled by both rapid sea‐level changes and tectonic movements. Based on new field, sedimentological and palaeontological analyses, these deposits have been organized into four sedimentary sequences (S1 to S4) separated by three subaerial erosion surfaces (SB0, SB1 and SB2). Sequences S1 and S2 (‘Calcaires inférieurs à rhodolithes’) deposited during the Late Zanclean to Early Gelasian (planktonic foraminiferal Zones PL2 to PL5) in low subsidence conditions, on a distally steepened ramp dipping eastward. Red algal‐rich deposits, which dominate the western part of Grande‐Terre, change to planktonic foraminifer‐rich deposits eastward. Vertical movements of tens of metres were responsible for the formation of SB0 and SB1. Sequence S3 (‘Formation volcano‐sédimentaire’, ‘Calcaires supérieurs à rhodolithes’ and ‘Calcaires à Agaricia’) was deposited during the Late Piacenzian to Early Calabrian (Zones PL5 to PT1a) on a distally steepened, red algal‐dominated ramp that changes upward into a homoclinal, coral‐dominated ramp. Deposition of Sequence S3 occurred during a eustatic cycle in quiet tectonic conditions. Its uppermost boundary, the major erosion surface SB2, is related to the Cala1 eustatic sea‐level fall. Finally, Sequence S4 (‘Calcaires à Acropora’) probably formed during the Calabrian, developing as a coral‐dominated platform during a eustatic cycle in quiet tectonic conditions. The final emergence of the island could then have occurred in Late Calabrian times.     

核主泵电机抗震分析

核电站事故具有巨大的危害性,核主泵电机作为抗震Ⅰ类物项,必须进行抗震分析.基于合理的有限元建模方法,对核主泵电机模型进行了模态分析与反应谱抗震分析,结论如下:(1)模态分析结果体现了结构的力学性能,基频的计算对于抗震分析尤为重要,该结构绕X轴的弯曲刚度最小,其次是绕Y轴的弯曲刚度;(2)抗震分析的结果不仅与反应谱峰值相关,也与反应谱载荷的卓越频率相关.地震载荷峰值越大,地震卓越频率越接近结构的基频,该结构的地震响应越大.(3)安全停堆地震下,轴承油膜不会被破坏;事故工况下可以保持结构完整性.     

Values and Conservation of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System as a GIAHS Site

Agri-cultural Heritage Systems (AHS) have not only various values but also important enlightening roles for modern agriculture. With agro-scientific and technological progress, the traditional agriculture that has lasted for thousands of years is declining gradually, thus is attached the importance of exploring and protecting our AHS. As a traditional agricultural system for 1300 years, the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System (HHRTS) has many significant characteristics such as beautiful landscapes, distinctive rice varieties, ecologically clean agricultural production systems, systematic methods of managing water and soil and special ethnic culture. It was designated successively as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) in 2010 and as a World Heritage (WH) in 2013. In this paper, taking HHRTS as an example, we analyzed the economic, ecological, aesthetic, cultural, and social values, as well as the research values, of the GIAHS. We conclude that the restrictions on increasing peasant earnings and improving their living standards are difficult with the low efficiency of traditional planting patterns and the single-industry structure of farming in rugged terrain. However, these restrictive factors are beneficial for developing some industries like green agriculture, organic agriculture or ecological food production because of the clean farmland environment. In the end, we propose the basic approaches to protect the Hani terraces agriculture system should include the local governments to encourage the development of ecotourism, organic agriculture and featuring agriculture by multi-mode economic compensation. It is very important for protecting terraces to coordinate benefits among corporations, governments and villagers by making reasonable policies of compensation.     

Status,Potentials and Development Strategies of Agricultural Heritage Systems in Zhejiang Province

Zhejiang province is one of China’s smallest provinces in terms of land area, but one of the most active economically. It was also the first to conserve agricultural heritage systems and achieve great results in this area. An analysis and evaluation of the status and problems of agricultural heritage systems in Zhejiang province can serve as a useful example for other places to develop agricultural heritage systems protection. Based on nearly a decade of practice in conserving agricultural heritage systems in Zhejiang province, this thesis analyzes the significance, status and problems, evaluates the potential in terms of traditional agricultural products, special cash trees and fruit trees, tea cultures, marine resource utilization, water-land resources use and eco-agricultural models, and gives targeted development advice. Studies have shown that heritage conservation nurtures traditional agriculture and promotes its sustainable development, fosters the passing on of farming culture and cultural prosperity in rural areas, helps to develop the value of agricultural heritage systems and increase farmers’ income, has value in protecting the ecological environment of rural areas and promoting the construction of the countryside. Meanwhile, the development potential of agricultural heritage systems in Zhejiang province is great because of the excellent quality of traditional agricultural products, a variety of special cash trees and fruit trees, an extensive tea culture, unique utilization of maritime resources, rich experience in water-land resources utilization, and various forms of eco-agriculture. This research provides certain references to help Zhejiang province to protect and pass on its agricultural heritage systems, to promote agricultural sustainability and to expand agricultural functions.     

雷达定量降雪估测方法的设计和订正

从降雪预警业务实际出发,设计了基于最优化法的雷达估测降雪方法,对2007年3月4日特大暴雪过程开展雷达降雪估测试验,并分析估测结果的误差。针对温度变化、雪花末速度、与雷达的距离和计算方法等方面的误差因素制定了3种改进方案。改进后的估测降雪量与实况降雪量的相关系数提高到0.66（超过99%信度检验）,平均相对误差降低至48.74%,对于0.3 mm/h的较弱降雪和5 mm/h以上的强降雪均具有估测能力。其中距离雷达50～100 km的样本估测降雪量与实况降雪量的相关系数达到0.82。在3种改进方案中,考虑降雪末速度影响的改进效果不明显,这可能与本次暴雪过程的回波较均匀有关;按雷达与样本距离分类进行雷达降雪估测的效果最明显,不仅可以增加相似程度,还减小了雷达近距离高估和远距离低估的误差;而算法的改进进一步提高估测精度。本次雷达降雪估测对于1.6～2.5 mm/h的较强降雪和2.6 mm/h以上的强降雪平均相对误差较小,分别为31%和27%,但雷达降雪估测高估了1.5 mm/h以下的降雪而低估2.6 mm/h以上的强降雪。一方面说明雷达回波对于降雪强弱变化不是很敏感,另一方面在业务实际工作中有可能利用这种一致性的误差进行订正,以提高降雪估测精度。      

“泥科学与应用技术”的提出及研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,以淤泥、污泥为代表的各种泥状物产量巨大,接近于城市垃圾的数量。而各种泥的性状及污染物种类非常复杂、多样,经济、安全地进行各种泥的处理和利用已经成为一个重要的问题。各种泥状物虽然种类不同、成分各异,但具有很多共同的物理、化学性质。在处理方面也具有以脱水为主的减量化、以污染物稳定为主的无害化、以改变性质后进行利用为主的资源化的途径上的一致性。此外,泥所具有的一些特殊性质也能够被利用来解决一些特殊的问题。长期以来,各种泥的科学研究和处理技术分布在各行各业,使用的概念、指标不能统一,技术和方法隔离发展,影响了对于泥的基础理论和技术的发展。针对这些问题,提出了建立“泥科学与应用技术”的学科方向,对于泥的主要种类和问题,处理泥中所遇到的热点问题以及几个典型的研究进行了综述,为解决泥的问题进行了分析和总结。     

论川东北地区发现的高密度甲烷包裹体类型与油裂解气和页岩气勘探评价

据甲烷包裹体的产出特征和显微激光拉曼分析研究,近年来在川东北地区先后发现了多种类型的高密度甲烷包裹体,揭示了油气藏和石油包裹体的高温热演化作用的重要信息：普光气田三叠系碳酸盐和碎屑岩储层中含焦沥青的高密度甲烷包裹体分别反映了早期油藏阶段矿物捕获的石油包裹体经后期高温极端裂解的成因;普光5井碳酸盐储层中含H2S而不含焦沥青的高密度甲烷包裹体,反映了古油藏高温裂解阶段新生方解石捕获了储层中富含CH4也有“TSR”成因的H2S流体的信息;五科一井下志留统黑色硅质岩石英中发现的高密度甲烷包裹体和少量含轻烃包裹体,反映了本区富有机质的下志留统高演化程度的黑色页岩在地质历史中存在高压甲烷和轻烃产出的证据。以上各种高密度甲烷包裹体成因机理和形成的高温度高压力条件,为川东北地区古油藏裂解气和志留系“页岩气”的勘探评价提供了科学依据。