内蒙古一次极端暴雪事件中冻雨成因分析

利用常规观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP 1°× 1°再分析资料及雷达资料等多源资料对 2020 年 11 月 18~19日发生在内蒙古东南部罕见历史极值特大暴雪事件的背景下通辽市冻雨灾害天气成因进行了分析。结果表明：冻雨发生时段,各站地面气温稳定波动较小,基本维持在-1℃~-2℃,降水量和降水强度较小,占总量的25%,强度在2mm/h以下。550 hPa至450 hPa之间存在干冷空气侵入,湿层深厚达550hPa,存在双逆温层结,近地层930 hPa(-4℃)至860hPa(3℃)存在强逆温层,其暖层最高气温为2℃至4℃,冷层最低气温为-2℃至-4℃,气温零上和零下两个层结在探空T-lnP图中面积相当,存在典型的“冷-暖-冷”层结特征。近地层冷垫是强冷高压南侵,受到江淮气旋和地形阻挡,在平原地区堆积形成,有持续的近地层冷平流补充条件重要,冷平流强度在-10×10^-5℃.s ^-1至-20×10^-5℃.s ^-1。中层暖区融化层是700、850hPa低涡前部,西南暖湿低空急流顶端到达冷垫上空并沿冷垫爬升叠置形成,持续的暖平流特征明显,暖平流强度在10×10^-5℃.s ^-1至20×10^-5℃.s ^-1。两层之间具有明显的锋区特征,雷达观测在冻雨区具有明显的回波强度增大的特征。最后讨论了冻雨复杂的成因和多种气象条件影响及预报着眼点。     

Petroleum in the Jurassic Reservoirs within the Eastern Fukang Sub-depression, Junggar Basin, NW China: Correlation and Source Rock

The origin and source of the petroleum in the Jurassic reservoirs within the eastern Fukang sub-depression were geochemically investigated. They show thermal maturities matching the peak generation stage, while the condensates are at the early stage of intense cracking. Oils and condensates may have experienced mild evaporative fractionation, while mixing of severely biodegraded with non-biodegraded oils has occurred. Using biomarkers and isotopes, petroleums were classified into Group I, II and III genetic groups, with Group III further divided into IIIa and IIIb subgroups. Group I petroleum displays heavy carbon isotopes, a strong predominance of pristine over phytane, high C19 and C20 tricyclic and C24 tetracyclic terpanes, low gammacerane, and dominant C29 steranes, while Group II shows light carbon isotopes, a predominance of phytane over pristine, high C21 and C23 tricyclic with low C24 tetracyclic terpanes, high gammacerane and dominant C27 steranes. Group IIIa petroleum shows mixing compositions of Group I and II, while Group IIIb displays similar compositions to Group I, but with significantly higher Ts, C29Ts and C30 diahopane proportions. Oil-source rock correlation suggests Group I and II petroleums originate from Jurassic and Permian source rocks, respectively, while Group IIIa are mixtures sourced from these rocks and IIIb are mixtures from Jurassic and Triassic source rocks.     

不同时频分析方法的精度比较及应用

在传统的地震资料分析、处理和属性分析提取等研究中,基于平稳信号分析处理理论的傅里叶变换是核心技术之一。地震信号往往是非线性、非平稳信号,传统傅里叶变换是一种整体变换,难于反映非平稳信号的局部特征,而时频分析技术能同时展示信号在时间域和频率域的局部化特征。在介绍几种地震常用的时频分析方法基础上,进一步深入研究自适应时频分析方法。理论分析和试验表明,自适应最优核时频分布在抑制交叉项的同时,时频聚集性也较好,因此,更有利于地震勘探信号的分析和地震属性的提取、频谱分解等。     

蒙古国植被对干旱响应的敏感性研究

本文分析了蒙古国不同区域、不同土地覆被类型区的植被生长状况对干旱响应的敏感性特征,并探讨了成因。研究表明：① 2001—2019年,蒙古国虽然发生了3次较为严重的干旱事件,但整体上干旱程度呈轻微降低趋势,SPEI出现轻微上升,总体增速为0.001%/a;植被生长状况出现了好转,植被指数也呈上升趋势,总体增速为0.15%/a。② 蒙古国大部分区域植被生长受干旱影响较强,各植被指数与干旱指数呈较明显的正相关关系,在NDVI与SPEI-12的相关性分析中,正相关面积占比达76.36%;而在杭爱山脉和肯特山脉以北降水量丰沛的区域和阿尔泰山脉以南荒漠化严重和植被极为稀少区域,植被生长受干旱影响较弱,植被指数与SPEI相关性较小。③ 不同类型植被对干旱响应的敏感性也有差异,其中草地敏感性最强（0.22）,而森林敏感性最弱（-0.04）。④ 干旱持续时间长短,对植被生长影响有较大差异,蒙古国大部分区域的植被对延续3个月至半年的干旱最为敏感,而年内以7月份干旱对植被影响最强。⑤ 植被对干旱响应的敏感性实质是区域水分平衡的植被影响,对同种植被而言多年平均气温越高或降水量越少,植被对干旱响应的敏感性越强,反之则越弱。本文的研究结果对蒙古国因地制宜开展荒漠化防治具有重要参考价值。     

Effects of Deep Fluids on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins

Deep fluids in a petroliferous basin generally come from the deep crust or mantle beneath the basin basement, and they transport deep substances(gases and aqueous solutions) as well as heat to sedimentary strata through deep faults. These deep fluids not only lead to large-scale accumulations of CO_2, CH_4, H_2, He and other gases, but also significantly impact hydrocarbon generation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interactions. With the development of deep faults and magmatic-volcanic activities in different periods, most Chinese petroliferous basins have experienced strong impacts associated with deep fluid activity. In the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Northern Jiangsu, Sanshui, Yinggehai and Pearl Mouth Basins in China, a series of CO_2 reservoirs have been discovered. The CO_2 content is up to 99%, with δ~(13)C_(CO2) values ranging from-4.1‰ to-0.37‰ and ~3He/~4He ratios of up to 5.5 Ra. The abiogenic hydrocarbon gas reservoirs with commercial reserves, such as the Changde, Wanjinta, Zhaozhou, and Chaoyanggou reservoirs, are mainly distributed in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin. The δ~(13)CCH4 values of the abiogenic alkane gases are generally -30‰ and exhibit an inverse carbon isotope sequence of δ~(13)C_(CH4)δ~(13)C_(C2H6)δ~(13)C_(C3H8)δ~(13)C_(C4H10). According to laboratory experiments, introducing external H_2 can improve the rate of hydrocarbon generation by up to 147% through the kerogen hydrogenation process. During the migration from deep to shallow depth, CO_2 can significantly alter reservoir rocks. In clastic reservoirs, feldspar is easily altered by CO_2-rich fluids, leading to the formation of dawsonite, a typical mineral in high CO_2 partial pressure environments, as well as the creation of secondary porosity. In carbonate reservoirs, CO_2-rich fluids predominately cause dissolution or precipitation of carbonate minerals. The minerals, e.g., calcite and dolomite, show some typical features, such as higher homogenization temperatures than the burial temperature, relatively high concentrations of Fe and Mn, positive Eu anomalies, depletion of 18 O and enrichment of radiogenic ~(87)Sr. Due to CO_2-rich fluids, the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs is extended to deep strata. For example, the Well TS1 in the northern Tarim Basin revealed a high-quality Cambrian dolomite reservoir with a porosity of 9.1% at 8408 m, and the Well ZS1 C in the central Tarim Basin revealed a large petroleum reserve in a Cambrian dolomite reservoir at ~6900 m. During the upward migration from deep to shallow basin strata, large volumes of supercritical CO_2 may extract petroleum components from hydrocarbon source rocks or deep reservoirs and facilitate their migration to shallow reservoirs, where the petroleum accumulates with the CO_2. Many reservoirs containing both supercritical CO_2 and petroleum have been discovered in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, Northern Jiangsu, Pearl River Mouth and Yinggehai Basins. The components of the petroleum trapped with CO_2 are dominated by low molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons.     

“一带一路”区域可持续发展生态环境遥感监测

2013年9月和10月,习近平主席在出访中亚和东南亚国家期间,先后提出了共建"丝绸之路经济带"和"21世纪海上丝绸之路"(简称"一带一路")的重大倡议。要全面保护"一带一路"区域生态环境,实现2030年可持续发展目标,是一个具有挑战性的问题。遥感技术对生态环境监测与评价发挥着十分重要的作用。本研究利用多尺度、多源遥感数据,对2015年"一带一路"区域的生态环境状况进行监测和分析,旨在提供可持续发展目标生态环境遥感监测的本底。本文选取了几个重要的生态环境方面开展监测与分析,主要包括宏观生态系统结构和植被状况、太阳能资源分布、水资源平衡、主要生态环境限制因素对经济走廊建设的影响、主要城市生态环境质量等。监测区域覆盖亚洲、非洲、欧洲和大洋洲的陆上区域。研究结果为生态环境评价与保护提供了有效的决策依据,有助于"一带一路"建设积极推进。     

大兴安岭北段霍洛台铜铅锌矿区花岗闪长岩的岩石成因:地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学制约

黑龙江省大兴安岭地区霍洛台花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学表明,霍洛台花岗闪长岩(145 Ma)为早白垩世岩浆侵入产物。元素地球化学组成表明,为一套具埃达克岩特征的高钾钙碱性系列岩石,表现为高SiO_2(65.64%~66.00%)、高K_2O(3.67%~3.77%)、低MgO(0.09%~1.21%)、高Sr含量(814.00×10~(-6)~893.00×10~(-6)),低Yb(0.194×10~(-6)~0.536×10~(-6))和Y(6.38×10~(-6)~7.73×10~(-6)),A/CNK为0.94~0.958,轻重稀土元素分异明显。La/Yb(92.54~245.88)、Th/La(0.17~0.2)、Th/U(4.01~4.84)和Mg~#值(26.70~29.22)等特征显示霍洛台花岗闪长岩为加厚下地壳部分熔融形成。结合区域构造演化背景,认为霍洛台花岗闪长岩为受蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造体系影响下地壳加厚挤压-伸展转换阶段作用产物。     

苏北盆地洪泽凹陷古新世时期的古环境:来自蒸发岩的证据

第三纪古新世—始新世极热事件(PETM事件,Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum),被认为是最类似于现今的温室效应时期。江苏省苏北盆地洪泽凹陷沉积了一套巨厚的古新世时期的蒸发岩,提供了该时期的陆地记录。蒸发岩对气候极为敏感,因此可以记录古代气候的信息。从苏北盆地洪泽凹陷钻孔中,通过SEM-EDS的方法识别出了无水芒硝和钙芒硝,这些暖相矿物的出现吻合第三纪古新世—始新世极热事件时期的极端高温环境;而苏打石的出现则表明该时期大致为现代大气三倍浓度的极高CO₂含量。     

黄河内蒙古段上覆水、悬浮物和底泥重金属特征及生态风险研究

系统地采集黄河内蒙古段上覆水、悬浮物和底泥样品,分析其中重金属元素的含量。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害系数法,研究了黄河干流内蒙古段的上覆水、悬浮物和底泥的重金属沿程分布特征、污染程度和生态风险。分析结果显示:除了As元素,悬浮物中重金属元素含量总体上高于底泥中的含量。地质累积指数法评价结果表明:悬浮物和底泥属于无污染—中度污染,悬浮物总体上比底泥污染严重;潜在生态危害系数法评价结果表明:底泥和悬浮物中重金属的生态危害总体上属轻微状态;因此,生态风险指数法和地质累积指数评价结果基本一致。     

小秦岭西段稀土矿特征及找矿远景浅析

小秦岭西段是重要的稀土元素成矿地段。受华阳川断裂、金堆城-青岗坪断裂和太古代变质基底等因素的控制产出了区内碳酸岩型和伟晶岩型2类稀土矿化。碳酸岩型稀土矿含矿主岩为各类碳酸岩脉,以小河断裂为界,南北含矿碳酸岩在矿物组合上具有差别明显,含稀土矿物主要为磷钇矿、独居石和氟碳铈镧矿,稀土元素以轻稀土为主,但重稀土相对偏高,并具有以华阳川为中心向外围逐渐富集重稀土的特点。伟晶岩型稀土矿含矿主岩为含褐帘石伟晶岩,含稀土矿物为褐帘石,稀土元素以轻稀土为主。2类稀土矿化在形成时间上存在较大差异,碳酸岩型稀土矿化形成于印支期,伟晶岩型稀土矿化形成于古元古代晚期。区内已发现了众多的稀土矿床（点）,成矿远景较好,特别是碳酸岩型稀土矿床（点）及碳酸岩脉带展布地段具有较大的找矿潜力。