1950s以来鄱阳湖流域降水变化趋势及其持续性特征

以鄱阳湖流域1950s至2005年10个台站的日降水量为基础,采用距平分析、Mann-Kendall非参数检验对鄱阳湖流域1950s以来的年、季降水特征和变化趋势进行分析,并以此为基础,结合Hurat指数,从3年、5年、10年三个时间尺度上分析该流域未来降水的变化趋势.结果表明,鄱阳湖流域年内降水分配不均,年际变化较为...     

温度对发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)种群动态和两性生殖的影响

在食物浓度为4×105 cells/ml栅藻的条件下,研究了4种温度(15、20、25、30～C)对发头裸腹溞种群动态及两性生殖的影响.结果表明,在4种温度下,发头裸腹涵种群密度在实验初期逐渐增大,达到密度最大值后呈现下降的趋势.随着温度的升高,发头裸腹溞成熟时间、首次产幼溞时间以及达到最大种群密度所需时间均缩短,但母...     

华南暖区暴雨中尺度对流系统的分析

利用自动站降水资料、卫星综合降水CMORPH资料、卫星TBB资料、雷达回波资料以及NCEP再分析资料等,分析了2007年5月26日发生在华南地区的一次暴雨过程,主要研究了与暴雨过程相关的中β尺度对流系统（M?css）的发展演变特征。结果表明：（1） 本次暴雨过程形成于地面低压倒槽及西南低空急流的左侧,暴雨区斜压特征不明显,是一次比较典型的暖区暴雨过程;（2） 暴雨至少与三个连续生消的M?css的活动直接相关,不同暴雨落区中降水峰值出现的时间与相应M?css发展强盛期对应关系良好;（3） M?css的发展演变表现为后向次第发展的形式,与华南另一种较为常见的前向次第发展类型不同,即新的对流系统主要在原M?css的后部形成;（4） 引发暴雨的中β尺度对流系统形成于850 hPa西南低空急流左侧的辐合区,高层200 hPa有明显辐散气流。但与典型华南前汛期暴雨区上空对应为南亚高压东侧向外辐散的类型不同,本次暖区暴雨位于入海南亚高压西侧的偏东和偏南气流的辐散区下方。（5） 低空急流不仅为暴雨区输送了丰富的暖湿空气,有利于中低层高不稳定能量存储区形成,相应的暖空气平流对对流系统的形成可能有更直接的作用。从地面中尺度流场出发,对这些暖区暴雨对流系统形成和发展的可能触发机制进行了有意义的讨论。     

辽东半岛东北部宽甸地区南辽河群沉积时限的确定及其构造意义

辽东半岛东北部宽甸地区出露大面积南辽河群变质表壳岩系,本文通过对其中黑云石英片岩、含电气石浅粒岩和花岗质片麻岩进行精确的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年及微区痕量元素分析,并结合锆石阴极发光(CL)图像研究来制约其原岩形成时代和变质时代,进而探讨胶-辽-吉活动带的大地构造属性。Cl图像显示锆石可以分为三类,第一类无核边结构,呈灰黑色均质特征;第二类发育核边结构,核部不发育或具弱生长环带,第三类锆石整体或者核部发育明显生长环带或具条痕状吸收特点,而后两类多数发育灰色均质边,与第一类特征一致。微区痕量元素分析结果显示,灰色均质锆石或边部具有高U(731.2×10-6～1383×10-6)、低Th(51.09～85.15×10-6)和Th/U(0.06～0.07)等特征,为变质成因;第二类锆石核部具有较高Th(97.68～219.7×10-6)和Th/U(0.21～0.27),为岩浆成因;第三类具有高Th(249.6×10-6～469.4×10-6)和Th/U(0.60～0.74),为岩浆成因。定年结果显示,所有测点均位于谐和线上或附近,三类锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄分别介于1878～1903Ma,2011～2043Ma和2082～3285Ma,前两者峰期年龄分别为1885Ma和2035Ma,表明该区南辽河群的原岩形成于～2035Ma之后,而峰期变质作用应发生在～1885Ma,其沉积作用应发生于2035～1885Ma之间;第三类锆石年龄区域上与古元古代辽吉花岗岩、火山岩及古老结晶基底年龄相吻合,暗示它们为南辽河群提供重要物源。结合前人有关辽吉花岗岩及区域构造变形、变质作用等资料,本文研究认为辽东半岛东北部宽甸地区南辽河群应形成于伸展的构造环境。     

西藏纳木错和藏北高原古大湖晚更新世以来的湖泊演化与气候变迁

根据野外水准测量与室内实验分析，本文探讨了西藏纳木错和藏北高原古大湖晚更新世以来的湖泊演化和气候变迁。在纳木错沿岸拔湖48m以下，发育了6级湖岸阶地，拔湖48-139．2m发育有高位湖相沉积。研究表明，纳木错湖泊发育与藏北高原东南部古大湖演化可划分为3个阶段：①116-37ka B．P．间的古大湖期；②37-30ka B．P．间的外流湖期；③30kaB．P．以来的纳木错期。在古大湖阶段，包括纳木错、色林错和扎日南木错、当惹雍错等藏北高原东南部的一大批现代大、中、小型湖泊，都是互相连通的一个古大湖，其范围可能超过了现代的藏北内、外流(怒江)水系的分水岭。它或许还与藏北高原南部和西部的其他古湖相连，成为统一的藏北高原“古大湖”。通过对纳木错湖相沉积形成时代与深海氧同位素对比，易溶盐、pH值、地球化学、介形类和孢粉分析等的综合研究发现，湖相沉积记录了自晚更新世以来的湖泊演化和气候变迁信息。资料显示古大湖期湖面最高，气候温和清爽；外流湖期湖面急剧下降，气温和湿度较现今略高；纳木错期以来气候经历了全新世最宜期的暖湿后日益干旱化，气温波动，湖面持续下降。表明自晚更新世以来该区气候在逐渐变干的总趋势的基础上，经历了多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。     

青海祁漫塔格玛兴大坂晚三叠世花岗岩年代学、地球化学及Nd-Hf同位素组成

青海东昆仑祁漫塔格玛兴大坂岩体岩石类型为二长花岗岩,主要矿物组合为斜长石(30％～35％)+钾长石(25％～33％)+石英(23％～25％)+黑云母(3％～5％),全岩地球化学总体显示SiO2为68.61％～69.37％,K2O为3.95％～4.08％,P2O5为0.11％～0.12％,FeOT/MgO为4.02～4.21,A/CNK(0.96～0.99)＜1,为高钾钙碱性系列准铝质花岗岩,具有Ⅰ型花岗岩的特征.其稀土元素配分图和蛛网图显示具有大陆弧花岗岩特点,富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,而相对亏损Sr、P、Ti、Nb和Ta等元素;玛兴大坂二长花岗岩的143Nd/144 Nd比值为0.512326～0.512340、εNd(t)=-2.5～-3.2,指示该花岗岩具有壳幔混合Ⅰ型花岗岩的特征;锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄数据显示玛兴大坂二长花岗岩体的侵位时代为218±2Ma;锆石176Hf/177 Hf比值较低(0.28251～0.282623),εHf(t)值为-4.43～-0.62,可能为幔源物质(大的正εHf(t)值)与古老地壳物质(大的负εHf(t)值)混合后的结果.Nd同住素tDM2(1.20～1.25Ga)与Hf同位素tDM2(1.08～1.28Ga)基本一致,推测中元古代末期祁漫塔格地区存在壳幔分异作用,而玛兴大坂二长花岗岩的部分源岩为中元古代以前的物质.认为玛兴大坂二长花岗岩与祁漫塔格晚三叠世火山岩形成时代相近,响应于三叠纪末古特提斯洋的关闭.     

东昆仑清水泉蛇纹岩中铬铁矿环带成因

东昆仑造山带清水泉超基性岩已蚀变成蛇纹岩,部分浸染状铬铁矿颗粒具有环带结构,这将为研究铬铁矿形成后所经历的变质过程及其寄主岩体的构造演化提供可靠的信息.通过对铬铁矿进行显微结构观察和电子探针分析得出:所研究铬铁矿的环带结构从核部到边缘依次为铝铬铁矿、高铁铬铁矿和铬磁铁矿,被绿泥石所包裹.从铝铬铁矿到高铁铬铁矿,Cr2O3,Al2O3和MgO含量下降,Fe2O3和FeO含量升高;Cr#,TiO2含量,YFe值以及Fe2+#值明显具有升高的趋势,而Mg#值却急剧下降.以上变化规律表明本文所研究的铬铁矿经历了由高温到低温,同时氧逸度上升的过程,并伴随有蛇纹石化作用、热液流体以及区域变质作用等改造,最终形成环带结构.此过程与铬铁矿寄主岩体经历的由地幔抬升至浅部地壳以及相关的变质作用过程相对应.     

西藏阿里札达盆地上新世-早更新世的古植被、古环境与古气候演化

本文将西藏札达盆地河湖相地层重新划分为第四系下更新统香孜组(Qp1-1x)、新近系上新统古格组(N22g)和上新统托林组(N21t)。河湖相地层的古地磁法和ESR法测年结果表明,札达盆地内河湖相沉积地层的形成时代为新近纪上新世—第四纪早更新世。根据该套河湖相地层沉积演化和其中的孢粉组合特征、河湖相沉积中所发现的各种古动植物化石等的综合分析,笔者对札达盆地上新世—早更新世的古植被、古环境与古气候演变进行了探讨。结果表明,札达地区上新世—早更新世气候经历了从湿热—温暖潮湿—偏冷潮湿—寒冷干旱的变化,以及植被从森林—灌木—草原的逐渐演化。可将札达盆地上新世—早更新世环境演化划分为7个大的阶段,其总体特征是15.4~4.4Ma,札达地区处于亚热带湿热气候环境;24.4~3.95Ma,为暖温带温暖潮湿气候;33.95~3.5Ma,为偏凉潮湿阶段,气候开始转冷;43.5~3.2Ma,为温暖潮湿阶段;53.2~2.9Ma,气候转为偏冷潮湿阶段;62.9~2.57Ma,该阶段气候偏冷而干旱,整体较为干冷;72.57~1.36Ma,气候寒冷而干旱。表明自上新世—早更新世,该区的古气候环境在逐渐变干、变冷的总趋势上,经历了多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。     

Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

山西地区ML≥3.0地震震源机制解研究

选取2007年至2010年ML≥3.0的49个地震,重点研究该时间段内山西发生的5次ML4.0以上的地震,通过snoke方法的计算结果,与仅用振幅比方法所得的结果进行对比分析,结果表明,snoke方法是可行的。