明后期延绥镇长城沿线屯垦的时空分布特征

毛乌素沙地及周边地区的环境问题,一直受到学术界的关注。明代延绥镇土地利用方式及规模对毛乌素沙地南缘的影响及其程度,也成为重要研究内容。从军地类型、分布及数量,可以看出万历时期延绥镇屯垦有巨大发展。运用历史地理学的历史文献研究等方法,揭示了延绥镇近边垦地的利用格局,探明了明万历末年延绥镇36城堡草场地与军垦地分布及数量。万历年间延绥镇近边地区景观的时空特征主要是军事和地理环境共同决定的。万历末至崇祯年间,由于连年战乱及自然灾害,延绥近边垦地的农业生产遭受了毁灭性的破坏,抛荒率基本在90%以上。明军垦的发展对此阶段毛乌素沙地南移的影响不大,自然原因可能是毛乌素沙漠变迁的根本原因。     

兴化湾表层海水氮磷营养盐含量的时空变化及富营养化状况

根据福建兴化湾海域2006年12月（冬季）和2007年4月（春季）的水质监测资料,分析了表层海水无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量的时空变化特征,并对该海域表层水体的富营养化状况进行了评价.结果表明,冬、春两季,兴化湾表层海水无机氮含量的变化范围分别为0.30~1.30、0.34~1.10mg/dm3,均值分别为0.50、0.54 mg/dm3;无机氮的单项污染指数变化范围分别为1.0~4.2、1.1~3.7,均值分别为1.7和1.8.冬、春两季,其海水活性磷酸盐含量的变化范围分别为0.024~0.085、0.016~0.148 mg/dm3,均值分别为0.040、0.038 mg/dm3;其单项污染指数变化范围分别为0.8~2.8、0.5~4.9,均值则都为1.3.其次,该湾表层海水无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量的空间分布特征为西侧近岸水域的较高,往湾口方向递减.冬、春两季兴化湾表层海水富营养化指数（E值）分别为3.53和4.26,基本呈现富营养状态;富营养化严重的区域主要位于兴化湾西南部,其E值最高达29.9.     

油基钻井液井筒清洗技术室内研究

油基钻井液在解决南海涠洲12-1油田易垮塌硬脆性泥岩的剥落掉块以及提高钻速、减少井下复杂情况等方面具有较好的应用效果。但是在固井作业完成后,含有钻屑的油基钻井液会牢牢粘附在套管内壁,射孔作业时这些污物将直接影响油井的储层保护效果。因此,室内研制了油基钻井液井筒清洗装置,并开发出针对性的清洗液,该清洗液不仅能对套管内壁上的油膜产生较强的渗透清洗力,并且能防止洗掉的油污造成二次污染,具有较理想的清洗效果,清洗率达90%以上,有效的保护了储层。     

华北平原秸秆焚烧火点的MODIS影像识别监测

本文利用Terra/MODIS 1B级数据,基于火点像元亮温特征及其与背景亮温的偏差来提取华北平原秸秆焚烧火点信息。文中采用MODIS 1B 500m分辨率下的第1、4、3波段反射率产品进行RGB合成,基于GIS平台叠加火点信息和地理基础数据生成华北平原5省2市秸秆焚烧火点分布图。本文结合火点分布图对研究区2007年6月17日和18日的火点数目进行了统计:结果表明,河南、河北地区的火点较多,山东、河南等境内火点数目分布区域有较大扩展。通过遥感监测秸秆焚烧信息,可为环境监测部门提供环境监测数据;同时能提高秸秆焚烧预警和日常监控能力,兴利保护生态环境。     

调水前后南四湖藻密度及水环境要素变化特征

为探究大规模调水输入背景下南四湖生态环境演变特征,采用多种非参数统计方法综合分析2010—2020年南四湖藻密度、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮、叶绿素a(Chl.a)、五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)年际年内变化规律和影响因素.结果表明：2010—2020年南四湖上、下级湖水质综合污染指数年均值范围分别为0.759～0.945、0.719～0.926,水质总体逐渐改善,但TN单项污染指数存在超标现象,主要可能与入湖河流中高浓度氮输入有关.受南水北调东线工程运行初期与严峻旱情的影响,南四湖藻密度、TP、氨氮、Chl.a在2013—2015年发生突变,随后均呈增加趋势.南水北调东线工程的运行对南四湖藻密度的年内波动影响强烈,调水工程运行后每年10月份出现峰值,其中2016年上级湖藻密度高达520.0×10⁴cells/L.湖区藻密度不仅与氮磷质量比(TN/TP)、TP、COD_Mn、Chl.a呈显著相关,还与降雨、水温密切相关.在南四湖生态环境保护治理过程中,应强化关键水质指标的...     

一次强降水过程中自动站故障的原因分析及处理方法

该文以铜仁站一次大暴雨天气过程中自动站故障排除实例,阐述了故障的检查步骤和排除技巧,并对出现故障的原因进行了分析,同时对如何预防地温传感器因进水发生短路提出了相应的防水措施,由于本次故障情况具有一定的典型性,经过故障的排查处理与经验总结,对于今后避免自动站出现类似情况具有较好的指导性,对增强基层台站快速、高效处理故障能力,减小故障造成数据缺测损失具有十分重要的意义。     

Change of collision efficiency with distance in bacterial transport experiments

Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial transport in aquifers is important in developing bioremediation strategies. Collision efficiency (alpha) is one important parameter used in modeling bacterial transport. This study was undertaken to measure change in alpha with distance by performing a bacterial transport experiment in Oyster, Virginia. Following injection of a bacterium, Comamonas sp., into a well, water samples were collected at various distances along the flowpath and injected into columns packed with homogenized South Oyster focus area sediment. Zeta potentials of the bacteria in the samples were measured. Values of alpha were determined at various locations in the field in two ways: based on field breakthrough concentrations at the sampling points and based on column breakthrough concentrations. The alpha values estimated from field breakthrough decreased with distance, whereas those estimated from column breakthrough increased with distance. Bacterial cell surface charge became progressively more negative with distance in the field. We hypothesize that the apparent contradiction between field and column alpha values was caused by differences in the flow of the two systems. Flow in the columns was forced to occur through fine-grained zones of iron and aluminum hydroxide coatings that selectively removed the most negatively charged bacteria. In contrast, in the field, the injected cells did not come into contact with the positively charged coatings because the bulk solution bypassed them due to heterogeneous hydraulic properties. These results suggest that laboratory-based models may underestimate bacterial transport distance in the field. A more realistic approach may be necessary to capture the degree of heterogeneity.     

Perfluorinated alkyl acids in water, sediment and wildlife from Sydney Harbour and surroundings

Perfluorinated alkyl compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were measured in environmental samples collected from around Homebush Bay, an urban/industrial area in the upper reaches of Sydney Harbour and Parramatta River estuary. Water, surface sediment, Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea commercialis) and eggs of two bird species; White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca), and Silver Gull (Larus novaehollandiae) were analysed. In most samples PFOS was the dominant PFC. Geometric mean PFOS concentrations were 33 ng/g ww (wet weight) in gull eggs, 34 ng/g ww in ibis eggs, and 1.8 ng/g ww and 66 ng/g ww in Sea Mullet muscle and liver, respectively. In sediment the PFOS geometric mean was 1.5 ng/g, in water average PFOS and PFOA concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 21 ng/L and 4.2 to 6.4 ng/L, respectively. In oysters perfluorododecanoic acid was most abundant, with a geometric mean of 2.5 ng/g ww.