海温扰动发展的一种热力学判据

本文将非线性热力学理论应用到大尺度海洋系统,找到了一个适合于描述海温扰动发展的热力学判据。计算表明:这种热力学判据能够较好地报出海温异常事件,估计海温异常的强弱。本文还利用这种热力学判据分析了海洋与大气之间的热交换和平流效应对海温扰动演化的影响。     

Effects of sediment organic matter quality on bioaccumulation, degradation, and distribution of pyrene in two macrofaunal species and their surrounding sediment

Sediment dwelling macrofauna (infauna) are important vectors for the transfer of sediment-associated contaminants to higher trophic levels. Sedimenting organic matter constitutes an important food source for all benthic organisms and changes seasonally in terms of quantity and quality. Sediment organic matter (SOM) quality affects organism activity and feeding behaviour, and is therefore also likely to affect contaminant fate in benthic systems. We investigated the impact of SOM quality (enrichment with either labile Tetraselmis sp. or refractory lignin) on the accumulation and metabolism of sediment-associated pyrene in Nereis diversicolor (Annelida) and Amphiura filiformis (Echinodermata), as well as the combined effect of SOM quality and infaunal bioturbation on pyrene distribution and metabolism in the sediment. After 45 d of exposure, SOM quality almost doubled pyrene bioaccumulation in both species, while pyrene metabolism remained unaffected. Metabolites comprised approximately 80% of the total tissue pyrene in N. diversicolor and approximately 40% in A. filiformis. A. filiformis arms contained one fifth of the disk pyrene concentration. Approximately 20% of the pyrene found in A. filiformis arms was found to be covalently bound to, e.g. DNA, RNA or proteins, thus reducing pyrene bioavailability to arm-cropping predators. The sedimentary pyrene distribution and metabolism was species-dependent, but correlated poorly with prevailing knowledge on species-specific bioturbation patterns. This was attributed to the comparably high biodegradability of the contaminant thus altering its sorptive characteristics and function as inert tracer. Subduction of pyrene and metabolites occurred, and the fraction of pyrene covalently bound to SOM increased with depth, thereby removing pyrene from the bioavailable pool. Our results imply that bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of sediment-associated PAH should increase following fresh organic matter input, e.g. after sedimentation of phytoplankton blooms. We stress the importance of considering behavioural characteristics of infauna and the trophic situation of the system when assessing fate and effects of sediment-associated contaminants.     

Beach morphodynamics forcements in oiled shorelines: Coupled physical and chemical processes during and after fuel burial

In November 2002, the sinking of the Prestige oil tanker off the Galician coast (N.W. Spain) caused the largest ecological catastrophe in the history of Spain, affecting the coast called the 'Costa da Morte' (Galicia, N.W. Spain). This work is focused on the study of the oil contamination of the intertidal area of two beaches located on this stretch of coast. The study of twenty cores extracted from both beaches has identified fuel embedded in the sedimentary column up to a depth of 2.38 m (this being the maximum depth of extraction). This, along with the presence of oil below the groundwater indicates the existence of a new factor which determines the burial of oil: the morphodynamic behaviour of the beach. Furthermore, this morphodynamic variation conditions the physical appearance of the buried oil. Four different types have been identified: tar-balls (cm), particles (mm), oil coatings on sediment grains and on emulsion, with distribution patterns conditioned by the degree of wave exposure. The analysis of the information obtained have permitted the development of a conceptual model of the burial and oil evolution in the sedimentary column in relation to wave exposure, and thus to the morphodynamic variability of the beach.     

透明的海底生物

在俄罗斯北极地区，有很多奇特的海洋生物，仿佛来自遥远星球的奇怪生命体。这些看起来像果冻的透明生物，生活在地球上最偏远、环境最恶劣的一片水域，或许正是这种深水生命形式，使得它们成为世界上长相最怪异的一批生物。     

干沙层钻进用钻具

用冲击——钢绳法钻进干砂层时需要向井孔里灌水,由于运水不易,时常造成很大困难,并且增加钻孔的成本。伏龙涅什地质队机长С．Д．伏龙涅夫使用了一种适于冲击钢绳法的专门结构的八节钻具     

大风精细化预报及对动车安全影响

以2014—2017年新疆铁路强风区逐小时风速监测资料为基础,开展了基于EC细网格二次建模和上游指标站2种大风精细化预报方法研究,结合铁路部门、科研院所、气象部门联合在新疆开展的11次大风环境下动车组行车安全试验,建立起一套将大风精细化预报和大风环境下动车安全试验紧密结合的服务应用模式,该模式在兰新客专线大风条件下动车组行车安全试验的前期准备、进度安排、试验计划修订以及现场运行试验的全过程中起到了关键决策作用,也可满足行车调度和防灾应急指挥对气象信息的特殊需求。     

关于倒水坞层

本年五月,笔者与傅张坤、赵大举、周继胜曾往“倒水坞层”的标准命名地点--浙江于潜南麻车埠及倒水坞一带(见图1)进行短期工作。此间曾得到水电部分水第四勘测队的协助。通过此次野外观察,对“倒水坞层”的岩性及其时代获得了一些新的认识,特写此文以供讨论和参考。     

MicroStation J项目定制的研究

简略介绍了MicroStation J下的项目定制的机制、项目设置文件中主要字段的含义、项目的目录结构以及自定义用户的项目内容等。最后介绍了结合江苏省1：50000DLG生产而开发的项目定制实例。     

哈萨克斯坦和邻区的地壳基底构造

根据部分地区的地震测深结果，并结合前人所做的工作，使用数理统计方法建立了地壳厚度（Ｈ＿Ｍ）、重力观测值（△ｇ）、岩石加权平均密度（ρ）和纵波速度（Ｖｐ）之间的经验公式．以重力场和二维在速度模型为基础．编制出哈萨克斯坦和邻近区域的地壳基底构造等深图，并且推广到缺少深部地震剖面资料的造山地带。按照地壳基底的构造特征可大致分为三种类型，它们分别对应于地震活动区、非活动区和过渡带，反映出哈萨克斯坦和邻区的莫霍面起伏形态和理藏深度，为地震区划综合研究提供了基础资料．