Integrated colors of globular clusters

Integrated colors of M3, M5, M13, and M92 are calculated from the luminosity function, the color-magnitude diagram, and the two-color diagram to compare them with observed ones. The results show good agreements for M3, M13, and M92 and the discrepancy for M5. Possible causes for this discrepancy are discussed.To study the way in which integrated colors are affected by changes in the distribution of stars in the color-magnitude diagram, we calculate the integrated colors by taking into account changes in the distribution of horizontal branch stars and in the ratio of the number of horizontal branch stars to that of red giant branch stars. The result shows that (B-V) color varies within the range of about 0.1 mag with changes in the distribution of horizontal branch stars, implying that the cluster with a well-developed blue horizontal branch has bluer intrinsic integrated (B-V) color than that with yellow one. This tendency is compared with observation.     

A Review of the Tetrapod Track Record in China,with Special Reference to Type Ichnospecies:Implications for Ichnotaxonomy and Paleobiology

<正>"Splitting" and "lumping" are perpetual problems in vertebrate,especially dinosaur, ichnotaxonomy.Chinese dinosaur ichnotaxonomy,which began in 1940,provides a series of interesting case studies,highlighting the dual problems of historical and dubious ichnotaxonomy. Chinese Mesozoic tetrapod track types have been placed into 63 ichnospecies(one Triassic,28 Jurassic,and 34 Cretaceous),exclusive of other,non-type ichnospecies or ichnotaxa identified from China.Fifty-two(～83%) of these 63 tetrapod ichnospecies were placed in monospecific ichnogenera. At the ichnogenus level,we prune—either by recognizing nomina dubia or by synonymy—17 from the list of 53 dinosaurian ichnogenera(a 32%reduction),leaving 36 ichnotaxa that we consider valid. Most of the cuts affect Jurassic theropod ichnotaxa,which are reduced from 23 to only nine because most ichnogenera are subjective junior synonyms of Grallator and Eubrontes.Fewer Chinese Cretaceous ichnotaxa(only six of 21 ichnogenera) are obvious nomina dubia or subjective synonyms, suggesting greater east Asian endemism during this time.Because ichnospecies differences are subtle, we provisionally retain ichnospecies as valid pending detailed comparative analyses of congeneric ichnospecies.This synthesis is long overdue and is necessary to address problems of historical and provincial ichnotaxonomy,which severely hamper comparisons of tetrapod ichnofaunas in space and time.     

Small-Amplitude Disturbances in a Radiating and ScatteringGrey MediumI. Solutions of Given Real Frequency ω

We reanalyze the propagation of one-dimensional small-amplitude disturbances of given real frequency ω in a radiating and scattering grey medium using the Eddington approximation, which has been studied previously by us (Kaneko et al., 1976). Numerical results reveals three frequency regimes to be distinguished, and two wave modes always appear in each frequency regime. The governing equations and analytic solutions are derived for all wave modes using Whitham's method modified into quadratic form and approximate methods based on radiation thermodynamics. In the high-frequency regime appear the radiation-wave and adiabatic sound modes, which are damped by opacity and radiative cooling, respectively. Wave patterns in the intermediate-frequency and low-frequency regimes depend critically on the importance of radiation, for which the criterion is given in terms of the ratio of total specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume. When the radition overwhelms the matter (radiation-dominated case), the radiative mode in the intermediate-frequency regime is the constant-volume diffusion mode. When the matter overwhelms the radiation (matter-dominated case), damped radiation-wave and damped radiation-diffusion modes newly appear between the radiation-wave and constant-volume diffusion modes. The acoustic mode in the intermediate-frequency regime is the isothermal sound mode,which is damped by radiative cooling at higher frequencies and by radiation-thermal drag force at lower frequencies. Two modes appearing in the low-frequency regime are the isentropic radiation-acoustic and constant-pressure diffusion modes. The absorption coefficient derived for the former is shown to be a radiation-thermodynamic extension of that of Landau and Lifshitz (1987). The transition frequencies between all adjacent two modes are also derived to discuss the implications of them. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Excitation of interstellar molecules in the Ori-KL source

A molecular spectral line survey of the title source detected 166 molecular lines from 18 interstellar molecules in the frequency ranges of 34.25–50.00, 83.50–84.50, and 86.00–91.50 GHz. For each molecule, gaussian decomposition of the velocity components in the transition profiles gave consistent radial velocity and linewidth. Rotation diagrams were drawn for each velocity component.Paper presented at the IAU Third Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting, held in Kyoto, Japan, between 30 September–6 October, 1984.     

Influences of catchment characteristics on nitrogen concentration in largely forested streams during the base flow period

Based on measured stream nitrogen concentrations at outlets of 12 small sub‐areas (1·3–54·7 km²) in a largely forested catchment during the base flow period, we investigated the influences of discharges and different catchment characteristics on stream nitrogen concentration. Our field surveys were carried out during the 11‐month's period from April 2001 to February 2002 and the correlations between nitrogen concentrations and catchment characteristics were studied. The results showed that the vegetation cover was strongly correlated to total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate + nitrite ? nitrogen (NO_x‐N) concentrations. That is, the TN and NO_x‐N concentrations had positive correlations with mean normalized difference vegetation cover index (NDVI) of each sub‐area during dormant seasons (mean NDVI < 0 · 70) and had negative correlations during the growing season (mean NDVI ≥ 0 . 70). The significance of catchment characteristics to TN and NO_x‐N concentrations was ranked as vegetation cover > soil > topography > land use, and the best models can account for 55–64% of the variance of TN and NO_x‐N concentrations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High pressure phase equilibria in the system CaTiO3-CaSiO3: stability of perovskite solid solutions

Phase relations in the system CaTiO₃-CaSiO₃ were experimentally examined at 5.3–14.7 GPa and 1200–1600 °C with a 6–8 type multianvil apparatus. As pressure increases, stability field of perovskite solid solution extends from CaTiO₃ to CaSiO₃, and the perovskite becomes stable for the entire composition range above about 12.3 GPa. The stability field of Ca(Ti_1?X, Si_X)₂O₅ (0.78<x≦1) titanite solid solution +Ca₂SiO₄ larnite exists in the CaSiO₃-rich composition range at 9.3–12.3 GPa and 1200 °C. Perovskite solid solutions containing CaSiO₃ component of 0 to 66 mol% could be quenched to 1 atm. The composition-molar volume relationship of perovskite solid solution showed that molar volume of perovskite solid solution linearly reduces from the value of CaTiO₃ to that of CaSiO₃.     

Element partitioning between olivine and silicate melt under high pressure

Element partitioning between olivine and silicate melt has been investigated at pressures 1–14 GPa, by using a 6–8 type multi-anvil high pressure apparatus. In order to observe systematics in the partitioning of trivalent ions, Li was added to the starting materials in order to increase the concentration of trivalent ions in olivine. With increasing pressure, it was found that partition coefficients of most of the elements gradually decreased. Trivalent ions generally showed parabolic pattern on partition coefficient — ionic radius diagram. When pyrolite-like material was used as the starting material, partition coefficient of Al, D_Al, gradually increased with increase in pressure while the partition coefficients of the other elements decreased, and the D_Al deviated from the parabolic pattern of other trivalent ions. The deviation of D_Al from the D pattern of the other trivalent ions was also found when olivine was employed as main component of the starting material. This result may be ascribed to the compositional change of coexisting silicate melt with increase in pressure.     

Results from Nobeyama Radio Observatory (NRO) —A progress report

The title telescope — in operation since 1982 — gives a surface accuracy of better than 0.2 mm (r.m.s.), with an aperture efficiency of about 25% at 115 GHz. A 5-element interferometer is at final adjustment stage. Observations of proto-stellar objects, extragalactic objects, and spectral lines are briefly described.Paper presented at the IAU Third Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting, held in Kyoto, Japan, between 30 September–6 October, 1984.     

Linear Stability of Thermal Convection in Rotating Systems with Fixed Heat Flux Boundaries

Linear stability of rotating thermal convection in a horizontal layer of Boussinesq fluid under the fixed heat flux boundary condition is examined by the use of a vertically truncated system up to wavenumber one. When the rotation axis is in the vertical direction, the asymptotic behavior of the critical convection for large rotation rates is almost the same as that under the fixed temperature boundary condition. However, when the rotation axis is horizontal and the lateral boundaries are inclined, the mode with zero horizontal wavenumber remains as the critical mode regardless of the rotation rate. The neutral curve has another local minimum at a nonzero horizontal wavenumber, whose asymptotic behavior coincides with the critical mode under the fixed temperature condition. The difference of the critical horizontal wavenumber between those two geometries is qualitatively understood by the difference of wave characteristics; inertial waves and Rossby waves, respectively.