CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATENT HEAT DUE TO DIFFERENT CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON AN AUTUMN HEAVY RAIN EVENT OVER HAINAN ISLAND

We analyzed cloud microphysical processes’ latent heat characteristics and their influence on an autumn heavy rain event over Hainan Island, China, using the mesoscale numerical model WRF and WRF-3DVAR system. We found that positive latent heat occurred far above the zero layer, while negative latent heat occurred mainly under the zero layer. There was substantially more positive latent heat than negative latent heat, and the condensation heating had the most important contribution to the latent heat increase. The processes of deposition, congelation, melting and evaporation were all characterized by weakening after their intensification; however, the variations in condensation and sublimation processes were relatively small. The main cloud microphysical processes for positive latent heat were condensation of water vapor into cloud water, the condensation of rain, and the deposition increase of cloud ice, snow and graupel. The main cloud microphysical processes for negative latent heat were the evaporation of rain, the melting and enhanced melting of graupel. The latent heat releases due to different cloud microphysical processes have a significant impact on the intensity of precipitation. Without the condensation and evaporation of rain, the total latent heating would decrease and the moisture variables and precipitation would reduce significantly. Without deposition and sublimation, the heating in high levels would decrease and the precipitation would reduce. Without congelation and melting, the latent heating would enhance in the low levels, and the precipitation would reduce.     

珠江虎门河口水体有机氯农药的垂向分布及二次污染初步研究

采用5点法对珠江广州河段白鹅潭水域进行垂线采样,并采取表层沉积物的界面水。水样采用GF/F玻璃滤膜过滤分离出颗粒相和溶解相,据美国EPA标准对有机氯农药进行定量分析,结果显示有机氯农药浓度范围是23.89~61.69ng/L;据有机氯农药浓度的垂向分布特征、颗粒相为主要输运方式的DDTs的中下层高浓度跃层的形成、以及有机氯农药在颗粒相和溶解相浓度分布和分配系数表明,水柱上层和下层水体的有机氯农药的输入方式有较大的差异,结合主成分分析结果,在流速增加的动力条件下,表层沉积物存在二次污染的风险。     

紫球藻的生长及高不饱和脂肪酸的研究现状

海洋微藻是海洋生态体系中的主要初级生产力,具有生物合成二十碳五烯酸(EPA,20:5n-3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,20:6n-3)的能力,海洋微藻脂肪酸的组成除因种类不同而不同外,还随培养基的成份、光照、温度、pH等因素的改变而变化.目前国内外已对众多种类的微藻脂肪酸(Fas)组成进行了报道,其中紫球藻(Porphyridium)以其对环境的适应能力强、营养要求简单、繁殖速度快、且生长过程中能合成高度不饱合和脂肪酸(PUFAs)、紫球藻多糖[1]、藻胆蛋白(phycobiliprotein)等生物活性物质[2],引起了广泛的观注.     

成都市短时强降水概率预报方法初探

选取2010~2019年4~9月成都市气象观测站逐小时降水资料和欧洲中心ERA-5逐小时再分析资料,采用统计分析和统计预报方法,研究了近十年成都市短时强降水时空分布特征,并依据短时强降水发生发展的基本条件,基于“配料法”思想,探讨了成都市短时强降水概率预报方法。结果表明：成都市短时强降水事件集中于暖季（4~9月）,其中又以7月为最多,并呈明显夜间多发的态势。降水量与降水强度空间分布表现出西多东少特征。筛选出的短时强降水潜势预报因子包括850 hPa比湿、850 hPa假相当位温、K指数、对流有效位能、700 hPa经向风以及700 hPa垂直速度,基本涵盖了短时强降水发生所需的水汽条件、稳定度条件以及抬升条件。基于上述短时强降水潜势预报因子的权重系数,采用二分法建立短时强降水概率预报方程,利用TS评分对2019年夏季的短时强降水日潜势预报效果进行检验,发现概率阈值设定为0.98既能保证漏报次数不会太多,又不至于使预报正确次数明显降低,同时可以保持较高的预报准确率。     

Proline with or without Hydroxyproline Influences Collagen Concentration and Regulates Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase α(I) Gene Expression in Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.)

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary proline(Pro), and Pro and hydroxyproline(Hyp) in combination on the growth performance, total Hyp and collagen concentrations of tissues, and prolyl 4-hydroxylase α(I)(P4H α(I)) gene expression in juvenile turbot feeding high plant protein diets. A diet containing 50% crude protein and 12% crude lipid was formulated as the basal and control, on which other two protein and lipid contents identical experimental diets were formulated by supplementing the basal with either 0.75% Pro(Pro-0.75) or 0.75% Pro and 0.75% Hyp(Pro+Hyp). Four groups of fish in indoor seawater recirculating systems, 35 individuals each, were fed twice a day to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. The results showed that dietary Pro and Hyp supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile turbot(P 0.05). Total Hyp and collagen concentrations in muscle were significantly increased when dietary Pro and Hyp increased(P 0.05), and fish fed diet Pro+Hyp showed significantly higher free Hyp content in plasma than those fed other diets(P 0.05). The expression of P4 H α(I) gene in liver and muscle was significantly up regulated in fish fed diet Pro-0.75 in comparison with control(P 0.05); however the gene was significantly down regulated in fish fed diet Pro+Hyp in muscle in comparison with fish fed diet Pro-0.75(P 0.05). It can be concluded that supplement of crystal L-Pro and L-Hyp to high plant protein diets did not show positive effects on growth performance of juvenile turbot, but enhanced total collagen concentrations in muscle.     

Dietary Protein Requirement of Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus)

The dietary protein requirement of juvenile turbot(initial average weight, 38.2 g ± 0.1 g) reared indoor in aerated aquaria was determined in this study. Five energy equal experimental diets were formulated with fish meal as protein source, which contained different concentrations of protein(47.2%, 51.0%, 54.6%, 59.3% and 63.6% of dry diet). Three groups of fish with 18 individuals in each, were cultured in 300-L tanks and fed twice a day for 8 weeks. During culture, temperature was controlled between 15.0 and 18.0℃, salinity was controlled between 28.5 and 32.0, acidity was controlled between p H7.8 and p H8.5, and ammonia nitrogen was maintained below 0.03 mg L-1 and dissolved oxygen was maintained about 7 mg L-1. Results showed that the growth of fish was significantly affected by dietary protein content(P 0.05). Specific growth rate(SGR) of turbot increased when dietary protein content varied between 47.2% and 51.0%(P 0.05), and then kept stable when dietary protein content was higher than 51.0%. Fish which were fed the diet containing 63.6% protein showed the highest SGR while those fed the diet containing 59.3% protein showed the highest feed efficiency rate. No significant difference of feed intake and protein efficiency ratio was found among experimental diets(P 0.05). Broken-line regression analysis of SGR showed that the optimal dietary protein requirement of turbot was about 57.0%.     

巴丹吉林盆地赛汗陶来地区中生界油气地化特征

从巴丹吉林盆地麻木乌苏凹陷北部斜坡上 3口探井地质资料揭示来看 ,该区生油岩主要为中生界下白垩统赛乌苏组 (K1s)及上侏罗统额济纳旗组 (J3e)和中侏罗统麻木乌苏组 (J2m)深灰色泥质岩。从地球化学特征研究着手 ,分析有机质丰度、类型和成熟度等各项参数 ,推出沉积环境为深湖 -半深湖还原地球化学相 ,有机质类型为腐泥型和腐植型两类的混和 ,有机质成熟度已达成熟阶段。参照中国陆相生油岩有机母质类型分类的参数标准 ,对该区生油层作定性评价 ,进而展望巴丹吉林盆地含油气性     

绿海龟外周血细胞显微结构与分类

对绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)外周血细胞的进行显微观察。结果表明,经Wright’s染液染色,可鉴定出红血细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞等七种血细胞。其中红血细胞数量多,长椭圆形,具圆核。白细胞数量少,多为圆形,分无颗粒型白细胞和颗粒型白细胞两种。无颗粒型白细胞包括单核细胞和淋巴细胞,细胞质中无特殊颗粒;颗粒型白细胞包括嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜中性粒细胞,细胞质中具有特殊颗粒。在白血细胞中,血栓细胞体积最小,单核细胞体积最大;在数量上,血栓细胞最多,淋巴细胞次之,单核细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞则较少。绿海龟的淋巴细胞可分为大淋巴细胞和小淋巴细胞两种类型。在外周血细胞中可观察到分解、解体状态的红血细胞,还可观察到少量未成熟的红血细胞和嗜中性粒细胞,偶尔可见正在分裂的红血细胞,提示红血细胞也可在外周血直接分裂。     

超长距离高精度跨海高程传递的应用实践

海岛开发,测绘先行.为了将高程基准由大陆传递至上川岛和下川岛,该文联合改进的三角高程法、GNSS静态测量、二等水准测量进行了跨海高程传递,测量路线形成了9个闭合环,并将跨海网纳入江门市二等水准网中进行整体平差.结果 表明,采用上述组合测量方法,该次长距离跨海高程传递的环闭合差、每千米水准测量偶然中误差、每千米水准测量偶然中误差都远小于二等水准测量对限差的要求.该次跨海高程传递对上川岛和下川岛的合理开发利用和有效保护具有重要意义.     

中山市2015—2019年臭氧超标特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用广东省中山市2015—2019年的地面臭氧浓度及气象观测数据,分析了中山市近年来臭氧超标与气象条件的关系。结果表明,中山市2015—2019年臭氧超标天数从22天增加至66天,臭氧年评价值增长36%,中度污染以上天数占超标天数比例从9.1%增长至36.4%。臭氧超标主要集中在8—11月,其中9月超标天数最多。夏秋季节臭氧超标主要发生在气温高、湿度低、太阳辐射强、日间10—14时无明显降水、吹北风的气象条件下,臭氧的污染潜在源区主要位于中山西部到北部的城市。风向和气温是臭氧超标最重要的指标,夏、秋季日间吹北风且日最高气温在33℃或以上时超标率分别达到89.1%和78.6%。2017年和2019年在相同的最高温、相对湿度、太阳辐射强度、降水和风速条件下的臭氧超标率均远高于2015年。当臭氧起始浓度在10μg/m³以下、11～30μg/m3及30μg/m³以上时,夏(秋)季从起始浓度达到超标分别用时7.1(6.9)h、6.2(6.2)h和5.8(5.9)h,相应气温上升7.2(7.1)℃、5.8(5.8)℃和4.7(5.1)℃,起始浓度增大时,...