Associations of decimetric type Ⅲ bursts with coronal mass ejections and Hα flares

We present a statistical study of decimetric type Ⅲ radio bursts,coronal mass ejections(CMEs),and Hα flares observed in the period from July 2000 to March2005.In total,we investigated 395 decimetric type Ⅲ radio burst events,21% of which showed apparent correlation to CMEs that were associated with Hα flares.We noticed that the Hα flares which were strongly associated with CMEs were gradual events,and82% of them took place before CMEs appeared in the field of view of LASCO C2;that most of the CME-associated radio bursts started in the frequency range around750 MHz with a frequency drifting rate of several hundred MHz s-1,of which both positive and negative ones were recognized; and that the correlation of type Ⅲ radio bursts to CMEs without associated flares is fairly vague,less than 9%.     

海水鱼类寄生虫刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)趋化性研究

应用本实验室建立的趋化模型对海水鱼类寄生虫刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的趋化特性进行研究。结果显示, 刺激隐核虫幼虫在30min时趋化达到饱和, 在温度28℃时趋化率达到最高; 多种硬骨鱼的血清与粘液对刺激隐核虫的幼虫都有着强烈的吸引作用, 刺激隐核虫幼虫对碳水化合物、氨基酸等小分子物质没有趋化作用; 在组织匀浆液中, 刺激隐核虫幼虫对肌肉匀浆液有一定的趋化作用, 对肝、肠、胃的匀浆液都没有趋化作用; 感染后鱼类血清对刺激隐核虫的幼虫有着更加强烈的吸引作用(P<0.01); 18种中草药中的五倍子、大黄、槟榔、苦楝、虎杖、贯众等6种中药草对刺激隐核虫的幼虫有一定的驱虫作用。本文的研究结果有助于深化对刺激隐核虫致病性的认识并对“白点病”的防治有一定的参考价值。     

The improvement of the one-dimensional Mellor-Yamada and K-profile parameterization turbulence schemes with the non-breaking surface wave-induced verticalmixing

Both the level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme(MY) and K-profile parameterization(KPP) are popularly used by the ocean modeling community.The MY and the KPP are improved through including the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv),and the improved schemes were tested by using continuous data at the Papa ocean weather station(OWS) during 1961–1965.The numerical results showed that the Bv can make the temperature simulations fit much better with the continuous data from Papa Station.The two improved schemes overcame the shortcomings of predicting too shallow upper mixed layer depth and consequently overheated sea surface temperature during summertime,which are in fact common problems for all turbulence closure models.Statistical analysis showed that the Bv effectively reduced the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the upper layer temperature and increased the correlation coefficient between simulation and the observation.Furthermore,the performance of vertical mixing induced by shear instability and the Bv is also compared.Both the temperature structure and its seasonal cycle significantly improved by including the Bv,regardless of whether shear instability was included or not,especially for the KPP mixing scheme,which suggested that Bv played a dominant role in the upper ocean where the mean current was relatively weak,such as at Papa Station.These results may provide a clue to improve ocean circulation models.     

Rainfall effect on wind waves and the turbulence beneath air-sea interface

Rainfall effects on wind waves and turbulence are investigated through the laboratory experiments in a large wind-wave tank. It is found that the wind waves are damped as a whole at low wind speeds, but are enhanced at high wind speeds. This dual effect of rain on the wind waves increases with the increase of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length is not observable. At the low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy （TKE） dissipation rate is significantly enhanced by rain- fall as the waves are damped severely. At the high wind speed, the augment of the TKE dissipation rate is suppressed while the wind waves are enhanced simultaneously. In the field, however, rainfall usually hin- ders the development of waves. In order to explain this contradiction of rainfall effect on waves, a possibility about energy transfer from turbulence to waves in case of the spectral peak of waves overlapping the inertial subrange of turbulence is assumed. It can be applied to interpret the damping phenomenon of gas trans- fer velocity in the laboratory experiments, and the variation of the TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.     

The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the central Arctic Ocean

The tropopause height and the atmospheric boundarylayer （PBL） height as well as the variation of inversion layer above the floating ice surface are presented using GPS （global position system ） radiosonde sounding data and relevant data obtained by Chinas fourth arctic scientific expedition team over the central Arctic Ocean （86°-88°N, 144°-170°W） during the summer of 2010. The tropopause height is from 9.8 to 10.5 km, with a temperature range between -52.2 and -54.10C in the central Arctic Ocean. Two zones of maximum wind （over 12 m/s） are found in the wind profile, namely, low- and upper-level jets, located in the middle troposphere and the tropopause, respectively. The wind direction has a marked variation point in the two jets from the southeast to the southwest. The average PBL height determined by two methods is 341 and 453 m respectively. These two methods can both be used when the inversion layer is very low, but the results vary significantly when the inversion layer is very high. A significant logarithmic relationship exists between the PBL height and the inversion intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66, indicating that the more intense the temperature inversion is, the lower the boundary layer will be. The observation results obviously differ from those of the third arctic expedition zone （800-85° N）. The PBL height and the inversion layer thickness are much lower than those at 870-88° N, but the inversion temperature is more intense, meaning a strong ice- atmosphere interaction in the sea near the North Pole. The PBL structure is related to the weather system and the sea ice concentration, which affects the observation station.     

Sedimentary Environments of Cambrian–Ordovician Source Rocks and Ultra-deep Petroleum Accumulation in the Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is the only petroliferous basin enriched with marine oil and gas in China. It is presently also the deepest basin for petroleum exploration and development in the world. There are two main sets of marine Source Rocks (SRs) in the Tarim Basin, namely the high over-mature Cambrian–Lower Ordovician (∈–O1) and the moderately mature Middle–Upper Ordovician (O2–3). The characteristic biomarkers of SRs and oils indicate that the main origin of the marine petroleum is a mixed source of ∈–O1 and O2–3 SRs. With increasing burial, the hydrocarbon contribution of the ∈–O1 SRs gradually increases. Accompanied by the superposition of multi-stage hydrocarbon-generation of the SRs and various secondary alteration processes, the emergence and abnormal enrichment of terpenoids, thiophene and trimethylaryl isoprenoid in deep reservoirs indicate a complex genesis of various deep oils and gases. Through the analysis of the biofacies and sedimentary environments of the ∈–O1 and O2–3 SRs, it is shown that the lower Paleozoic high-quality SRs in the Tarim Basin were mainly deposited in a passive continental margin and the gentle slope of the platform, deep-water shelf and slope facies, which has exhibited a good response to the local tectonic-sedimentary environment. The slope of the paleo-uplift is the mutual area for the development of carbonate reservoirs and the deposition of marine SRs, which would be favorable for the accumulation of petroleum. Due to the characteristics of low ground temperature, the latest rapid and deep burial does not cause massive oil-cracking in the paleo-uplift and slope area. Therefore, it is speculated that the marine reservoirs in the slope of the Tabei Uplift are likely to be a favorable area for deep petroleum exploration, while the oil-cracking gas would be a potential reserve around the west margin of the Manjiaer Depression. Hydrocarbons were generated from various unit SRs, mainly migrating along the lateral unconformities or reservoirs and the vertical faults. They eventually brought up three major types of exploration fields: middle and lower Cambrian salt-related assemblages, dolomite inner reservoirs and Middle and Lower Ordovician oil-bearing karst, which would become the most favorable target of marine ultra-deep exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

玉树地震地表破裂调查与灾后重建避让选址研究

2010年4月14日07时49分40.7秒,青海省玉树县发生Ms7.1级地震。通过现场调查和分析,玉树地震的发震断裂是甘孜—玉树活动断裂的玉树段,地震产生的地表破裂长度为23km,走向北西西—北西,总体表现为左旋走滑特征,可进一步分为3段:西段呈连续延伸的左旋走滑破裂,在隆宝镇的"郭央烟宋多"附近(坐标:北纬33°03′11″、东经96°51′26″)最大水平位移达1.75m,可定为宏观震中;中段主要位于县城南侧,由多条右阶斜列的破裂组成;东段表现为逆冲兼左旋走滑。玉树地震除了造成大量房屋破坏外,次生地质灾害主要包括:地震砂土液化及其引起的公路变形、地震滑坡、地震诱发水渠破坏及其链生土质滑坡和泥石流等。通过对内外动力地质灾害的综合分析,初步提出了玉树地震灾区灾后重建避让选址的建议。     

西太平洋深海沉积物古菌多样性垂直分布

以提取并纯化的西太平洋深海沉积物DNA为模板,利用古菌PCR特异性引物扩增出样品中古菌的16S rDNA片段,构建其克隆文库,建立阳性克隆子RFLP(Restriction Fragment Length Polymor-phism)酶切图谱。据酶切图谱对所获得的120个克隆进行测序,并与数据库中的序列进行比对,从而进行古菌的多样性和系统发育分析。结果表明,沉积物中扩增的16S rDNA古菌序列分别来自泉古生菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古生菌(Euryarchaeota),以Marine Benthic Group B(11.8%)、Marine Benthic Group D(13.6%)、Marine Crenarchaeotic Group(68.69%)为主。少量序列为South African Gold Mine Euryarchaeotic Group(1.07%)、Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeotic Group(1.61%)、UIIB(1.25%)、VALIII(1.79%)、Marine Benthic Group E(0.18%)。以上结果表明西太平洋深海沉积物中有丰富多样的古菌群落。     

活性炭对浮选废水中黄药的吸附特性研究

通过静态试验研究了粉末活性炭对浮选废水中丁基黄药的吸附性能和影响因素。实验结果表明,粉末活性炭对丁基黄药的吸附过程遵循Lagergren二级动力学模型;粉末活性炭对丁基黄药的等温吸附可用Langmuir等温模型拟合,其相关系数为0.9875(298K);温度从298K上升至313K时,吸附量略有上升,升高温度有利于活性炭对黄药的吸附;pH从7.17上升至12.00时,黄药吸附量下降明显,表明碱性环境对吸附有抑制作用。火法再生实验结果表明粉末活性炭再生性能良好。     

多步分解法初步研究石英砂中甲烷水合物p-T稳定条件

设计加工了一套研究海底沉积物水合物稳定条件实验装置,采用多步加热分解的方法对不同孔隙度的石英砂沉积物甲烷水合物相态平衡点(p-T稳定条件)进行了初步研究。为校验实验装置和实验方法,首先对甲烷水合物在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液中的生成和分解过程进行了研究,获得的实验数据与文献数据吻合得很好。在此基础上,以4种不同粒径(96~180μm、180~380μm、212~380μm和380~830μm)的石英砂为介质,分别研究了甲烷水合物的p-T稳定条件。结果表明,实验测得的数据与纯水溶液中的结果基本一致,说明在实验所用的不同粒径石英砂构成的孔隙尺度内,毛细管作用对水合物相态点的影响可以忽略。